Couser v. State

• Decision Date: 08 January 1970
• Docket Number: No. 43,43
• Citation: 256 Md. 393,260 A.2d 334
• Parties: John Henry COUSER v. STATE of Maryland.
• Court: Maryland Court of Appeals

Page 393

256 Md. 393

260 A.2d 334

John Henry COUSER v. STATE of Maryland.

No. 43.

Court of Appeals of Maryland.

Jan. 8, 1970.

Franklin Goldstein, Baltimore, for appellant.

Francis X. Pugh, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Francis B. Burch, Atty. Gen., and Edward F. Borgerding, Asst. Atty. Gen., Baltimore, on the brief), for appellee.

Before HAMMOND, C. J., and McWILLIAMS, FINAN, SINGLEY and DIGGES, JJ.

FINAN, Judge.

We are here presented with the issue of double jeopardy.

On April 9, 1969, this Court issued a writ of certiorari to the Court of Special Appeals. The petitioner, John Couser, had been convicted under two separate robbery indictments involving the same incident and was sentenced to serve two ten year terms which were to run consecurtively. The trial was conducted in the Criminal Court of Baltimore without a jury before Judge Wolf.

A timely appeal was taken to the Court of Special Appeals for the September Term, 1967. Petitioner alleged that the trial court had committed reversible error by striking his testimony covering the unfairness of a line-up from the record. The Court of Special Appeals agreed that the testimony should not have been excluded although the trial court need not believe it. The opinion of Judge Thompson which was filed August 15, 1968, concluded with the words 'Judgments Reversed.' 5 Md.App. 3, 245 A.2d 93. On September 16, the court issued its mandate in the same unqualified language. Subsequent to this, the court ordered the petitioner transferred to the Baltimore City jail to await a new trial.

On December 13, court appointed counsel and the Deputy State's Attorney for Baltimore City notified the Court of Special Appeals that its mandate made no provision for a new trial but merely stated that the judgments of the lower court had been reversed. On December 16, the court issued an order amending its mandate to read: 'Judgments Reversed and Cases Remanded for New Trials.'

This Court then issued its writ of certiorari in order to consider petitioner's contentions: (1) that the words 'Judgments Reversed' in the original mandate preclude a new trial and require an acquittal and (2) that the Court of Special Appeals could not amend its mandate more than three months after its original issuance.

The main issue to be decided is the effect of the first mandate which read 'Judgments Reversed.' Petitioner contends that this mandate must be equated to an acquittal. If this is the case, he continues, then a change in the mandate which provides for a new trial must violate the Fifth Amendment guarantee against double jeopardy. Unfortunately for the petitioner we do not view the original mandate as having the effect of an acquittal.

The recent case of Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 89 S.Ct. 2056, 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969), made it clear that the double jeopardy standards of the federal constitution are applicable to the states through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Petitioner seems to feel that this decision requires the Court to grant him his freedom. However, even under federal standards, this would only be the case if the original mandate amounted to an acquittal. This proposition is well supported by Maryland law as was stated by the Court of Special Appeals in State v. Campbell, 7 Md.App. 538, 539, 256 A.2d 537, 539 (1969): 'It has, of course, long been a well recognized part of the common law of this State that the rule against double jeopardy forbids a second trial for the same offense after acquittal. State v. Barger, 242 Md. 616, 220 A.2d 304 * * *; Boone v. State, 3 Md.App. 11, 23-30, 237 A.2d 787.'

Before considering the effect of the first mandate, the difference between the case at bar and that of Gray v. State, 254 Md. 385, 255 A.2d 5 (1969), should be be noted. In Gray the issue was whether a reversal because of insufficient evidence and remand for a new trial constituted double jeopardy. In that case Chief Judge Hammond noted that there was a trend in some states to forbid a new trial where there had been a reversal for insufficient evidence although we did conclude that the practice did not constitute double jeopardy. In the present case, if the mandate had clearly remanded for a new trial, there is no doubt that such action would not constitute double jeopardy. The troublesome problems we faced in Gray, and which disturbed our sense of logic, are not present where the reversal is for an improper exclusion of petitioner's evidence, rather than for insufficiency in the state's case. The state is not being given a second chance to improve its case and, unlike the situation in Gray, there is no reason to say that had the lower court made the proper ruling, the petitioner would have been acquitted. This concept is implicit in the opinion of the Court of Special Appeals where it states: 'We have repeatedly held that there is no obligation on the trial judge to believe the testimony of the accused * * * but this does not mean the trial judge is at liberty to strike it from the evidence.'

The key issue then is whether the original mandate amounted to an acquittal. If it did, then even if erroneously granted, petitioner would be put twice in jeopardy by a new trial. See Fong Foo v. United States, 369 U.S. 141, 82 S.Ct. 671, 7 L.Ed.2d 629 (1962), and State v. Campbell, supra. It is our ruling that where the mandate is ambiguous, one must look to the opinion and other surrounding circumstances to determine the intent of the court. After a review of state and federal cases, we conclude that the expression 'Judgments Reversed' does not of itself amount to an acquittal and does not prohibit the interpretation that a new trial is intended.

In Cobb v. Snow, 14 Utah 2d 170, 380 P.2d 457 (1963), the Supreme Court of Utah was faced with an almost identical factual situation to the case at bar. ¹ To the petitioner's contention that a reversal without order for a new trial requires an absolute discharge, the Court answered:

'We disagree. It is well established that where the defendant has complained that errors vitiate the judgment and it is nullifed at his request, he cannot also claim that there is a judgment which precludes further proceedings against him. In the absence of express mandate, it is both necessary and proper to consider the entire context of the prior decision to determine what further proceedings the interests of justice require. Doing so in the instant case makes plain that what petitioner is entitled to is a new trial eliminating the errors which necessitated setting aside the judgment.'

United States v. Reina, 172 F.Supp. 113 (1959, S.D.N.Y.) is an indication that the federal courts agree with this interpretation. In Reina, a conviction against Joseph Valachi was reversed while those of other codefendants were sustained. Valachi was subsequently indicted under the same indictment which he moved to dismiss. The court responded:

'Valachi has misconceived the effect of the reversal by the Court of Appeals. * * * Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2106, ² the Court of Appeals is empowered to order the dismissal of an indictment upon reversal, or to order a new trial if it sees fit. * * * It is defendant's contention that because the Court of Appeals failed to specify that it directed a new trial, it follows that the Court of Appeals meant that the indictment should be dismissed as to Valachi though it did not say so. This does not follow from the failure of the Court of Appeals to make a specific direction to dismiss.' Id. at 115.

See also United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116, 86 S.Ct. 773, 15 L.Ed.2d 627 (1966); United States v. Tateo, 377 U.S. 463, 84 S.Ct. 1587, 12 L.Ed.2d 448 (1964); ...