Cramer v. County of Spalding, s. S91A0714
| Decision Date | 26 September 1991 |
| Docket Number | Nos. S91A0714,S91X0715,s. S91A0714 |
| Citation | 261 Ga. 570,409 S.E.2d 30 |
| Parties | Tim C. CRAMER v. COUNTY OF SPALDING. COUNTY OF SPALDING v. Tim C. CRAMER. |
| Court | Georgia Supreme Court |
Timothy N. Shepherd, Cramer & Shepherd, Griffin, for Tim Cramer in No. S91A0714.
J.C. Owen, Jr., Beck, Owen & Muray, Andrew J. Whalen, Jr., Mullins & Whalen, Christopher C. Edwards, Griffin, Ed S. Sell, III, Brian J. Passante, Sell & Melton, Macon, for County of Spalding in No. S91A0714.
J.C. Owen, Jr., Beck, Owen & Muray, Christopher C. Edwards, Griffin, Ed S. Sell, III, Brian J. Passante, Sell & Melton, Macon, for County of Spalding in No. S91X0715.
Andrew Whalen, III, Mullins & Whalen, Timothy N. Shepherd, Cramer & Shepherd, Griffin, for Tim Cramer in No. S91X0715.
Spalding County filed its complaint in Spalding Superior Court against Tim C. Cramer as judge of the State Court of Spalding County and against the clerk of the state court. The county sought a declaratory judgment to determine whether Judge Cramer had the authority to appoint an additional judge and an assistant solicitor for indefinite terms, set the compensation for the appointed officials, and create a state court contingent expense fund from fines and forfeitures to be disbursed by the clerk only on order of the judge. The county also sought to enjoin disbursements from the contingent fund until the acts of Judge Cramer were declared valid. The county appeals the dismissal of its action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and Judge Cramer appeals the denial of his motion to disqualify the county attorney. We reverse the dismissal of the county's action and affirm the denial of the motion to disqualify.
In 1989 a crisis arose in the State Court of Spalding County ("State Court") due to a heavy caseload and speedy trial demands in DUI cases transferred from municipal court. Judge Cramer entered an order in March 1989 appointing an interim second judge and an assistant solicitor. The authority of the assistant solicitor to serve was immediately challenged in a quo warranto action which the superior court dismissed prior to any hearing. The county attorney researched the quo warranto action and advised the county regarding the funding of the two positions on a temporary basis. At its April meeting, the county commission approved the appointment and funding for both positions as interim positions. The second judge and assistant solicitor helped try the defendants who had demanded speedy trials and whose cases were completed in the August term of court.
In September 1989, Judge Cramer issued a second order appointing a "Judge Pro Tem of the State Court of Spalding County up and until further order of said Court"; he ordered the appointment of a new assistant solicitor in November 1989 to fill "an emergency need." He wrote the county commission that the State Court's increasing caseload mandated the appointments. After the county refused to fund the positions, in January 1990 Judge Cramer ordered the clerk of the state court to create the "State Court of Spalding County Contingent Expense Fund" and withhold from the county treasury monies arising from fines and forfeitures that the State Court collected.
Two weeks later, the county filed this action. Judge Cramer, the judge pro tem, and the assistant solicitor moved to disqualify the county attorney on the basis of conflict of interest. They argued that he supported the authority of the State Court to make the appointments in the quo warranto action and was now taking the contrary position.
1. A lawyer is disqualified from representing "a client against a former client in an action that is of the same general subject matter, and grows out of an event that occurred during the time of such representation." Crawford W. Long Memorial Hospital v. Yerby, 258 Ga. 720, 722, 373 S.E.2d 749 (1988). Disqualification is limited to cases where "the lawyer was actively representing the party ... when the events giving rise to the case in question occurred." Id. at 720, 373 S.E.2d at 751 (Clark, J., concurring). In this case, the county attorney's present representation of the county did not grow out of events arising from the interim appointments made in March 1989 whose funding the county commission approved. Only after Judge Cramer issued additional orders making indefinite appointments in September and November 1989 did the county challenge his authority and refuse to fund the positions. 1 The trial court properly denied the motion to disqualify the county attorney.
2. The trial court dismissed the county's complaint on the grounds that Judge Cramer's orders were final judgments that the county failed to appeal, citing Darden v. Ravan, 232 Ga. 756, 208 S.E.2d 846 (1974). In Darden, this court held that "[a] judgment rendered sua sponte by the superior court which mandates actions and which, if valid, would authorize the court to hold the persons named in such judgment in contempt of court is an appealable judgment." Id. at 758, 208 S.E.2d at 847. In this case, Judge Cramer's orders named only the state court clerk who could be held in contempt, and she immediately filed an interpleader action depositing the disputed funds in the superior court registry. Judge Cramer's orders did not name Spalding County or mandate any action by the county that would place it in contempt for refusing to follow his orders. Therefore, the county could not appeal his orders as final appealable judgments. Cf. McCorkle v. Judges of Superior Court, 260 Ga. 315, 392 S.E.2d 707 (1990) ().
OCGA § 9-4-2(a) provides for declaratory judgments in "cases of actual controversy." The words "actual controversy" mean a justiciable controversy where there are interested parties asserting adverse claims on an accrued set of facts. Lott Investment Corp. v. City of Waycross, 218 Ga. 805, 807, 130 S.E.2d 741 (1963). A justiciable controversy exists in this case between the county and Judge Cramer concerning his authority to appoint county officers and order funds withheld from the county treasury. Having promptly sought to protect its right to receive court funds, the county was entitled to challenge Judge Cramer's orders based on the Declaratory Judgment Act. The trial court had subject matter jurisdiction to consider the county's complaint.
3. Judge Cramer cites three possible sources for his authority to appoint and pay an assistant judge and assistant solicitor--OCGA § 15-7-25(a) and OCGA § 15-1-9.1(b), Unif.Superior Ct. R. 42.1, and the inherent power of the courts. None of these sources gives him power to create judicial offices, make indefinite appointments to them, and then finance the positions with court funds.
(a) A chief judge may make a written request for assistance to another judge if the requesting court determines that the court's business requires "the temporary assistance" of an additional judge. OCGA § 15-1-9.1(b)(1) (1989 Supp.). 2 When Judge Cramer sought assistance in 1989, the statute required him to identify the time period for which assistance was sought and, if applicable, the specific cases. OCGA § 15-1-9.1(c) (1989 Supp.) (deleted 1990). 3 The statute did not give him the power as chief judge to order the indefinite appointment of an additional judge.
Moreover, the uniform rules require the judge requesting the assistance of a senior judge to issue a certificate of need "which shall include an order of appointment giving the scope and tenure of such requested service as ... is necessary to meet the need." Unif. Superior Ct. R. 18.3. This requirement is a necessary safeguard to clearly define and limit the service of the assisting judge. It is particularly critical when, as in this case, the requesting court is a part-time judge of a one-person court who makes the appointment without any other judge's approval. See Dominguez v. Enterprise Leasing Co., 197 Ga.App. 664, 665, 399 S.E.2d 269 (1990) (). Judge Cramer's order in September 1989 appointed a judge pro tem "up and until further order of said Court." By failing to specify either the scope or length of the assisting judge's service, his order of appointment violated the standards required to obtain temporary judicial assistance.
(b) OCGA § 15-7-25 authorizes a retired judge or judge emeritus of a state court to serve as a state court judge upon the call of that court's judge. This provision, however, does not obviate the need for a requesting judge to follow the procedure for seeking assistance outlined in § 15-1-9.1 and court rules.
4. A presiding judge has the authority to appoint a temporary solicitor when the solicitor is absent, indisposed, or disqualified. See OCGA § 15-18-5(a) (1990); OCGA § 15-7-24(g)(2) (1991 Supp.); Horton v. State, 11 Ga.App. 33, 34, 74 S.E. 559 (1912); see also Act No. 218, 1897 Ga. Laws 462, 465 (). In this case, the solicitor was not absent, disabled, or disqualified, but was prosecuting cases before the appointing judge. Contrary to Judge Cramer's claim, the uniform rules do not extend to judges the right to appoint special assistants to prosecute criminal cases. See Unif. Superior Ct. R. 42.1. Judge Cramer thus lacked the authority to appoint an assistant solicitor in November 1989.
5. The final possible source of authority--the judiciary's inherent power--also does not support Judge Cramer's orders. We recently relied on this court's inherent power to hold that state court judges affected by voting rights litigation may continue to exercise judicial power after their four-year term of office ends. See Garcia v....
To continue reading
Request your trial
-
Leitch v. Fleming
...controversy where there are interested parties asserting adverse claims on an accrued set of facts.” Cramer v. Spalding County, 261 Ga. 570, 572(2), 409 S.E.2d 30 (1991). “For a controversy to justify the making of a declaration, it must include a right claimed by one party and denied by th......
-
Fulton Cnty. v. City of Atlanta, S16A0689
...(2000) ; Empire Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Metro Courier Corp., 234 Ga.App. 670, 673, 507 S.E.2d 525 (1998). Cf. Cramer v. Spalding County, 261 Ga. 570, 572, 409 S.E.2d 30 (1991). And this Court has an obligation to “inquire into its jurisdiction in any case in which there may be a doubt abo......
-
Merry v. Williams
...determination of such questions, and instead turn to the merits of the declaratory judgment action. See Cramer v. Spalding County, 261 Ga. 570, 572-575(2)-(5), 409 S.E.2d 30 (1991). 3. Merry urges that the six-vote requirement in the Consolidation Act should be interpreted as consistent wit......
-
Massey v. State
...not have statutory or inherent authority to create a judicial office and make indefinite appointments thereto. Cramer v. Spalding County, 261 Ga. 570(3a), 409 S.E.2d 30 (1991). OCGA § 15-1-9.1(b)(2) authorizes the judiciary to request judicial assistance from other Georgia courts when, amon......
-
Georgia Local Government Law: Court Resolution of County Government Disagreements - Paul Vignos
...that the inherent power does not give the judicial branch the right to invade the province of another branch of government." Id. 28. 261 Ga. 570, 409 S.E.2d 30 (1991). 29. Id. at 574, 409 S.E.2d at 34. 30. Id. at 571, 409 S.E.2d at 31. 31. Id. at 570-71, 409 S.E.2d at 32. 32. Id. at 571, 40......
-
State courts and the separation of powers: a venerable doctrine in varied contexts.
...(Cal. 1992) (limiting the lower court's authority with respect to diverting funds). (349) See id. (350) See Cramer v. County of Spalding, 409 S.E.2d 30, 34 (Ga. 1991) (holding that the "judge usurped both legislative and executive functions of government" when he appointed an additional (35......
-
Georgia Uniform Superior Court Rule 43.6: a Solution in Search of a Problem
...665, 399 S.E.2d 269, 270 (1990).32. See Earl v. Mills, 278 Ga. 128, 132, 598 S.E.2d 480, 483-84 (2004).33. See Cramer v. Spalding Cnty., 261 Ga. 570, 573, 409 S.E.2d 30, 33-34 (1991).34. Bennett v. Jones, 218 Ga. App. 714, 715, 463 S.E.2d 158, 159 (1995).35. Id. at 716, 463 S.E.2d at 159 (B......