Crawford v. Lloyds London

• Citation: 275 Cal.App.2d 524,80 Cal.Rptr. 70
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Decision Date: 12 August 1969
• Parties: John Carl CRAWFORD, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. LLOYDS LONDON et al., Defendants and Respondents. Civ. 11944.

Page 70

80 Cal.Rptr. 70

275 Cal.App.2d 524

John Carl CRAWFORD, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. LLOYDS LONDON et al., Defendants and Respondents.

Civ. 11944.

Court of Appeal, Third District, California.

Aug. 12, 1969.

Hearing Denied Oct. 9, 1969.

Clarence H. Pease, by James E. Kassis, Sacramento, for plaintiff-appellant.

Fitzwilliam, Memering, Stumbos & DeMers, by T. D. Bolling, Jr., Sacramento, for defendants-respondents.

REGAN, Associate Justice.

This is an action for breach of a liability insurance contract. The trial court sustained the defendant's general demurrer to the complaint without leave to amend and plaintiff appeals from the subsequent judgment, contending:

The trial court erred in sustaining defendants' demurrer to the complaint on the grounds that the complaint did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action since the language of the policy covers the injury to, and subsequent amputation of a portion of, plaintiff's hand.

On October 22, 1965, plaintiff, while in the course of his employment ¹ in Tulare County, suffered a crushing and mangling injury to his left hand that required emergency surgical care and treatment. The surgery resulted in the amputation of all of his left thumb at the wrist joint, all of his index finger, including a portion of the long or metacarpal bone in his hand, all of his middle finger and two and one-half bones of his ring finger, and two bones of his little finger. As a result of the amputation, plaintiff lost or had removed some 15 of the 27 bones in his left hand. The portion of the left hand remaining is useless and impairs his ability to utilize a prosthetic device.

At the time of the accident, plaintiff was covered by a 'Lloyd's Accident Policy.' Following the injury to plaintiff's hand, the defendant insurer, pursuant to the policy, paid total temporary disability payments for the period beginning on the date of injury to July 25, 1966, for a total of $7,800. However, the defendant refused to pay plaintiff the sum of $40,000 under the 'Loss of A Limb' coverage and plaintiff seeks recovery under that benefit provision, alleging a breach of contract.

The insuring agreement provides as follows:

'WE THE UNDERWRITERS hereby agree with the Assured, to the extent and in the manner hereinafter provided, that if anywhere in the World at any time during the period of this Policy he shall sustain any bodily injury caused by an accident, which shall solely and independently of any other cause within twelve calendar months from the date of the accident causing such injury occasion his death or disablement as hereinafter defined, we will pay to the Assured, or to the Assured's Executors or Administrators, according to the Schedule of Benefits overleaf within Seven Days after the total claim shall be substantiated under this Policy * * *.'

Under the 'SCHEDULE OF BENEFITS,' the following is included;

'3. Total loss of one limb or total loss of sight of one eye.

$40,000'

On the first page of the policy, under the heading 'DEFINITIONS,' 'loss of a limb' is defined as meaning 'loss by physical separation of a hand at or above the wrist or of a foot at or above the ankle.'

Plaintiff, in his complaint, also alleges:

'That at the time of renewing said policy, plaintiff had a good left hand and he desired to insure against the loss of the use of that left hand. That he was not advised by defendants, or any of them, nor did he know or understand to be that the said insurers now claimed intent and meaning of the said policy coverage was such that, if in the course of a necessary amputation of his left hand, the surgeon should leave some useless portion of his hand to be a source of annoyance and inconvenience to him and that thereby his policy would be practically worthless; that instead of such meaning or intent, he sought and intended, at said time or renewal, to insure against the possible loss of his hand as a useful member of his body.'

Plaintiff's contention on appeal is that the injury and subsequent amputation of a portion of his left hand constitute 'loss of a limb' within the meaning of the policy. Thus, defendant's refusal to pay the benefit of $40,000 under the loss of a limb coverage constitutes a breach of contract.

The rules governing the interpretation of insurance contracts are set forth in New York Life Ins. Co. v. Hollender (1951) 38 Cal.2d 73, 81, 237 P.2d 510, 514:

'In construing life insurance policies as in the construction of other contracts, the entire contract is to be construed together for the purpose of giving force and effect to each clause. (Citations.) While it is settled law that in case of doubt the provisions of the insurance contract will be construed most strongly against the insurer (citations), the rule is equally well established that where the terms of the policy are plain and explicit, the court will indulge in no forced construction so as to cast a liability upon the insurance company which it has not assumed (citations). In the interpretation of any written instrument, the primary object is to ascertain and carry out the intention of the parties. (Citations.)'

And in O'Doan v. Insurance Co. of North America (1966) 243 Cal.App.2d 71, 77, 52 Cal.Rptr. 184, 188, this court stated:

'Petinent rules of interpretation are simple enough. If the policy language is clear, the contract must be given effect as executed by the parties. (Citation.) If the language is ambiguous, any reasonable doubt will be resolved against the insurance carrier. (Citation.) The rule of construction against the insurer may not be invoked when the policy is clear. (Citations) A policy provision is ambiguous only when, on its face, it is capable of two different constructions, both of which are reasonable. (Citations.) No term of a policy is ambiguous if its meaning can be ascertained by fair inference from the remaining terms. (Citations.)'

We reverse the judgment of the trial court and in so doing hold that as plaintiff's injury resulted in amputation of all usable portions of his left hand commencing at the wrist joint he suffered a total loss of limb by physical separation of the limb at the wrist joint.

Analogous situations have arisen in other states. Plaintiff relies heavily on the case of Moore v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., (1915) 75 Or. 47, 146 P. 151, L.R.A.1915D, 264. In Moore, the policy provided for a benefit in the event of the 'loss of hand by removal at or above the wrist * * *.' There the insured lost all of the bones of the hand at the wrist except the metacarpal bone of the thumb. The defendant insurer contended that the phraseology meant that the entire hand must be physically separated from the body at or above the wrist. The court rejected this argument and held that plaintiff's injury did indeed fall within the policy provisions. After reciting well-known rules of construction of insurance policies the Oregon court in Moore, supra, stated (at p. 153):

'Now, in view of these salutary maxims of the jurists, let us consider the relations of the parties and the object which plaintiff had in view when he took out this policy. He had a good hand against losing the use of which he desired to insure. If he had been told the intent and meaning of the policy was such that if in case of a necessary amputation the surgeon should leave some useless shred of his hand to be a source of annoyance and inconvenience, and thereby his policy would be practically worthless, does any sane person believe for a moment he would have taken out the policy? The substance of what he sought was insurance against the possible loss of his hand as a useful member of his body. Substantially he has lost his hand by removal at the wrist. In view of all the decisions, it is apparent that the words 'by removal at or above the wrist' were introduced as a safeguard against possible fraud and to prevent a recovery in cases where there had been no substantial removal of the injured member; but here the hand, as a hand, is gone. Practically the plaintiff has no hand. What occasioned this practical loss of his hand? The answer must be the gunshot wound, and the consequent removal at the wrist of all that made the member useful. An insurer should not be allowed by the use of obscure phrases and exceptions to defeat the very purpose for which the policy was procured.' ²

The court in Moore also distinguished cases from other jurisdictions and concluded (at p. 152):

'How different from the case at bar, where substantially nothing remains of plaintiff's hand but a worse than useless fragment!'

The phrase 'at or above the wrist' is ambiguous and subject to judicial interpretation. In particular, the word 'at' has an indefinite meaning; its primary sense is nearness or proximity. (See Clark v. Sayle (1950) 208 Miss. 559, 45 So.2d 138, 140; Mahoney v. Nuttman (1865) 27 Cal. 342, 345; see also definition in Webster's New International Dictionary (2d ed.), p. 172.) Plaintiff contends that the point of severance is denoted only to prevent false and fraudulent claims, and that to require a precise and technical severance at a particular point would be a frustration of the intent and purpose for which such a policy was purchased (i.e., to protect the insured against the possibility of the loss of use of one of his hands).

Defendant, on the other hand, maintains that there is no ambiguity in...