Cyr v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co.

• Decision Date: 22 June 2011
• Docket Number: 08–55234.,Nos. 07–56869,s. 07–56869
• Parties: Laura A. CYR, Plaintiff–Appellee,v.RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, an Illinois corporation, Defendant–Appellant.Laura A. Cyr, Plaintiff–Appellee,v.Reliance Standard Life Insurance Company, an Illinois corporation, Defendant–Appellant,andChannel Technologies, Inc. Group Long Term Disability Insurance Program, an employee benefit plan; Channel Technologies, Inc., in its capacity as Administrator of the Channel Technologies Inc. Group Long Term Disability Program, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

642 F.3d 1202

51 Employee Benefits Cas. 1618

11 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 7624

2011 Daily Journal D.A.R. 9177

Laura A. CYR, Plaintiff–Appellee,

v.RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, an Illinois corporation, Defendant–Appellant.Laura A. Cyr, Plaintiff–Appellee,

v.Reliance Standard Life Insurance Company, an Illinois corporation, Defendant–Appellant,andChannel Technologies, Inc. Group Long Term Disability Insurance Program, an employee benefit plan; Channel Technologies, Inc., in its capacity as Administrator of the Channel Technologies Inc. Group Long Term Disability Program, Defendants.

Nos. 07–56869

08–55234.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted March 22, 2011.Filed June 22, 2011.

Michael B. Bernacchi (argued) and Keiko J. Kojima, Burke, Williams & Sorensen, LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for defendant-appellant Reliance Standard Life Insurance Co.Joseph A. Garofolo (argued), San Francisco, CA, and Joseph A. Creitz, San Francisco, CA, for plaintiff-appellee Laura A. Cyr.Stacey E. Elias (argued), Trial Attorney, Gregory F. Jacob, Solicitor of Labor, Timothy D. Hauser, Associate Solicitor, Elizabeth Hopkins, Counsel, Department of Labor, Washington, DC, for amicus curiae Secretary of Labor.Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California, Dean D. Pregerson, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CV–06–01585–DDP.Before: ALEX KOZINSKI, Chief Judge, MARY M. SCHROEDER, STEPHEN REINHARDT, SIDNEY R. THOMAS, BARRY G. SILVERMAN, RAYMOND C. FISHER, MARSHA S. BERZON, RICHARD R. CLIFTON, JAY S. BYBEE, MILAN D. SMITH, JR., and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges.

OPINION

CLIFTON, Circuit Judge:

We agreed to hear this case en banc in order to reconsider our precedent as to which parties may be sued as defendants in actions for benefits under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), part of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, better known as ERISA. Some of our previous decisions have indicated that only a benefit plan itself or the plan administrator of a benefit plan covered under ERISA is a proper defendant in a lawsuit under that provision. We conclude that the statute does not support that limitation, however, and that an entity other than the plan itself or the plan administrator may be sued under that statute in appropriate circumstances. We overrule our prior decisions to the contrary. To apply that decision and to resolve other issues raised in this appeal, we transfer the case back to the three-judge panel to which this case was previously assigned.

I. Background

Plaintiff Laura Cyr was employed by Channel Technologies, Inc. (“CTI”). CTI provided its employees with long term disability benefits under a program insured by defendant Reliance Standard Life Insurance Company (“Reliance”). Reliance effectively controlled the decision whether to honor or to deny a claim under the program. Reliance was not identified as the plan administrator, however.

Cyr was terminated from her position as a vice president of CTI in October 2000. She immediately filed a claim for long term disability benefits based on a back condition. Reliance approved the payment of benefits based on Cyr's salary of $85,000 and paid those benefits thereafter.

The following year Cyr filed a civil suit against CTI alleging gender discrimination based on unequal pay. She contended that prior to her termination, her annual salary had been approximately half the annual salary of male employees of the company performing work of equal skill, effort, and responsibility. Cyr and CTI eventually entered into a settlement agreement under which her salary was retroactively adjusted to $155,000, effective one week prior to her termination date. An attorney for Cyr contacted a representative of Reliance to ask whether Reliance would increase Cyr's benefits based on this retroactive salary adjustment. Reliance acknowledged that its representative indicated that Cyr's additional benefits would be paid if the adjustment in salary was bona fide. Thereafter, however, Reliance declined to pay benefits in an increased amount based upon the higher salary figure. Cyr communicated with Reliance on several occasions to seek payment of the increased benefits and provided information supporting her request, including information that had been requested by Reliance's representative. Reliance did not respond, apparently because the claim file was lost, but Reliance never paid the increased benefits.

Cyr filed this action to pursue her claim for increased benefits. She asserted three claims. The first was a claim under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), against Reliance, the CTI Group Long Term Disability Benefit Program (the “Plan”), and CTI as the plan administrator for the Plan. Cyr's second claim, against Reliance and the Plan, was that those defendants were equitably estopped from denying the increased benefits. The third claim, against Reliance, was for breach of fiduciary duty. Defendants denied the claims.

Reliance brought a motion for summary judgment. The district court granted the motion as to Cyr's ERISA statutory claim, concluding that under our court's decisions, only the plan or plan administrator could be held liable under the statute. Thus, a third-party insurer like Reliance was not a proper defendant for such a claim.

The district court later changed its mind in response to the parties' supplemental briefing and ultimately entered summary judgment on the ERISA claim in favor of Cyr. The district court concluded that our caselaw “left room for suits against insurers so long as they are functioning as the plan administrator,” a description the court held applied to Reliance. The district court also held that because Reliance had lost the entire administrative record, most of its defenses were waived and most of the evidence that Reliance sought to introduce would not be considered. The court later awarded Cyr attorneys' fees in the amount of $384,052, costs, and prejudgment interest at a set rate from a specified date.

Reliance filed a timely notice of appeal. In addition to arguing that it was not a proper defendant for a claim under section 1132(a)(1)(B), Reliance presented a number of additional arguments, which we do not address.

Cyr petitioned for an initial hearing en banc, under Rule 35(b)(1)(B) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. The Secretary of Labor filed an amicus brief in support of Cyr's petition. No judge requested a vote to hear the case initially en banc, however, so the request was denied and the case was assigned to a panel of three judges, which heard oral argument in October 2009.

Following that argument but prior to any decision by the three-judge panel, we revisited the question of whether the case should be considered by the court en banc. After obtaining supplemental briefs from the parties on that subject, we agreed, upon the vote of a majority of nonrecused active judges, to hear the case en banc.

Prior to oral argument before the en banc panel, we ordered the parties to “limit their discussion to whether appellant is a proper defendant in a suit for benefits under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) even though it isn't a plan or a plan administrator.”

II. Discussion

The specific statute involved in this action, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), provides that:

A civil action may be brought ... by a participant or beneficiary ... to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan.

As a participant in the Plan, Cyr is authorized under this provision to bring a civil action to recover benefits and to enforce and clarify her rights under the Plan. By its terms, § 1132(a)(1)(B) does not appear to limit which parties may be proper defendants in that civil action. Nor has the Secretary of Labor promulgated a regulation setting out such limits.

This provision falls within a section of the ERISA statute entitled “Civil enforcement.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132. Subsection 1132(a) bears the heading “Persons empowered to bring a civil action.” Viewed as a whole, § 1132(a) appears to provide a comprehensive listing of which parties can bring which types of civil actions under ERISA. It contains ten numbered subsections, one of which, § 1132(a)(1), has two subparts, (A) and (B). Those individual subsections and subparts identify eleven kinds of actions, and each subsection clearly identifies who can bring a lawsuit under that subsection. Section 1132(a)(2), for example, provides that an action may be brought by the Secretary of Labor or by a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary of a particular plan for relief under 29 U.S.C. § 1109, which establishes liability for breach of fiduciary duty. There are no limits stated anywhere in § 1132(a) about who can be sued, however.

The Supreme Court addressed the question of who can be sued under a different subsection of § 1132(a), specifically § 1132(a)(3), in Harris Trust & Savings Bank v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc., 530 U.S. 238, 120 S.Ct. 2180, 147 L.Ed.2d 187 (2000). That subsection authorized a civil action “by a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary (A) to enjoin any act or practice which violates any provision of this subchapter or the terms of the plan, or (B) to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress such violations or (ii) to enforce any provisions of this subchapter or the terms of the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3). Fiduciaries of a pension trust covered by ERISA sued Salomon Smith Barney, a broker-dealer that was not a fiduciary of the trust, for allegedly having caused the trust to enter into a transaction prohibited by another section of ERISA. Salomon argued that it was not a proper defendant, but the Supreme Court disagreed and held in an unanimous opinion that Salomon was subject to suit under § 1132(a)(3). Id. at 254, 120 S.Ct. 2180.

Harris Trust presented a more complicated question than our case does....