Damiano v. Burge

• Decision Date: 24 April 1972
• Docket Number: No. 25517,25517
• Citation: 481 S.W.2d 562
• Parties: Joseph R. DAMIANO, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. John K. BURGE, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Missouri Court of Appeals

Page 562

481 S.W.2d 562

58 A.L.R.3d 1183

Joseph R. DAMIANO, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. John K. BURGE, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 25517.

Missouri Court of Appeals, Kansas City District.

April 24, 1972.

Motion for Rehearing and/or Transfer to Supreme Court

Denied June 5, 1972.

Application to Transfer Denied July 17, 1972.

Aaron A. Wilson, City Counselor, Rex G. Bostwick, Asst. City Counselor, Kansas City, for defendant-appellant.

Robert J. Mann, Kansas City, for plaintiff-respondent.

PER CURIAM.

The question here is plaintiff's eligibility for an employee's liquor license from the Kansas City, Missouri Department of Liquor Control. The facts and the legal issues have been fully stipulated by the parties.

In 1938, plaintiff was indicted by a federal grand jury on several counts. Plaintiff pleaded guilty on Count I, which alleged a conspiracy to violate federal tax laws involving the sale and manufacture of intoxicating liquors. Pursuant to plaintiff's plea, he was found guilty and was sentenced to a reformatory for one year and a day.

Thereafter, plaintiff was inducted into the United States Army in 1941 and served as a Heavy Machine Gunner until August 20, 1945. During his period of service, he served overseas and was awarded a Bronze Star. On August 20, 1945, he was honorably discharged in the rank of sergeant. He was one of the beneficiaries of a proclamation by President Harry S. Truman, dated December 24, 1945, under which all servicemen in plaintiff's category were granted 'a full pardon' of all legal violations, including that of the type of which plaintiff was convicted in 1938.

After the termination of the war, plaintiff obtained a liquor employee's permit in the late 1940's and held such permit continuously, with brief interruptions, until August 7, 1969. On the latter date, the defendant, Director of Liquor Control for Kansas City, Missouri, refused to issue or renew that permit. The Liquor Control Review Board affirmed. On petition for judicial review, the Circuit Court reversed and ordered that plaintiff's application for a permit be granted.

The denial of the permit by defendant was premised upon § 4.35(3) of the Code of General Ordinances of Kansas City, Missouri which provides:

'No license provided for by this Chapter shall be issued to any individual except in conformity with the following:

'(3) That such person * * * is qualified to hold an alcoholic beverage license in the State of Missouri * * *.'

The Missouri Statute which bears upon this problem is § 311.060, which provides as follows:

'* * * and no person shall be granted a license or permit hereunder * * * who has been convicted, since the ratification of the twenty-first amendment of the Constitution of the United States, of a violation of the provisions of any law applicable to the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquor, or who employs in his business as such dealer, any person * * * who has been convicted of violating such law since the date aforesaid * * *'

It has been stipulated by the parties that the refusal by defendant to issue the permit did not arise out of petitioner's misconduct during the years in which he held an employee's liquor permit. To the contrary, it specifically stipulated:

'That the sole and exclusive reason for the Director of Liquor Control's refusal to issue petitioner an employee's permit was the alleged conviction for conspiracy of the violation of certain Federal tax law * * *'

The parties have stipulated that the issues presented are as follows:

(1) Is conspiracy to commit an offense and the commission of the substantive offense itself intended to be treated exactly the same under the State Liquor Statutes? In this respect, plaintiff contends that a conviction for conspiracy is not within the prohibition of § 311.060, while defendant contends to the contrary.

(2) Does the Presidential Pardon restore petitioner to his original position prior to the date of that conviction with regard to his application for a liquor permit or license? On this question, plaintiff contends the pardon reestablished eligibility for the permit, while defendant argues to the contrary.

The parties are in agreement that there is no Missouri authority directly in point with respect to either of those questions.

It is unnecessary for us to consider issue number one stated above, for the reason that we conclude that plaintiff is correct on issue number two, which fully and finally disposes of this whole case.

The effect of a pardon for various purposes has been very heavily debated, and the courts of this country have reached diverse results. We need not explore the ramifications of those arguments in all of the varied manners in which they have arisen. It is sufficient to confine ourselves to the relatively narrow problem involved here: in the case of an application for an office or license which is prohibited to one who has been convicted of a crime, does a pardon reestablish eligibility?

The intensive debate on this subject was initiated by the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall. 333, 18 L.Ed. 366, which arose immediately following the Civil War. In that case, the petitioner was an attorney who had been enrolled to practice before the United States Supreme Court prior to the war. During the Civil War, his state seceded and he served in the Confederate Legislature. After the war, he obtained a presidential pardon for his participation in the war. However, Congress enacted a statute requiring all members of the Bar to take an oath that they had not participated in the rebellion. Petitioner, of course, was not in a position to honestly take that oath, and he filed suit to be permitted to practice notwithstanding. The United States Supreme Court held that the pardon completely wiped out the petitioner's offense, and therefore, eliminated the necessity of the oath. In that connection, the court held as follows, l.c. 380, 18 L.Ed. 366:

'Such being the case, the inquiry arises as to the effect and operation of a pardon, and on this point all the authorities concur. A pardon reaches both the punishment prescribed for the offence and the guilt of the offender; and when the pardon is full, it releases the punishment and blots out of existence the guilt, so that in the eye of the law the offender is as innocent as if he had never committed the offence. If granted before conviction, it prevents any of the penalties and disabilities consequent upon conviction from attaching; if granted after conviction, it removes the penalties and disabilities, and restores him to all his civil rights; it makes him, as it were, a new man, and gives him a new credit and capacity.

'There is only this limitation to its operation: it does not restore offices forfeited, or property or interests vested in others in consequence of the conviction and judgment.'

The broad language used by the Court in the Garland opinion proved to be the source of the extensive disagreement. As early as 1915, the argument between the courts had become so heated that Professor Williston published an article 'Does a Pardon Blot Out Guilt?', 28 HLR 647, attempting to reconcile the diverse holdings. Professor Williston reviewed the many cases which had already been decided up to the date of his article on this subject. He, like many of the judges who had written on the subject, disapproved of the broad language of the Garland opinion. However, Professor Williston suggested that the seeming conflict of the decisions could be reconciled upon the following distinction, stated at page 653 of his article:

'The true line of distinction seems to be this: The pardon removes all legal punishment for the offence. Therefore if the mere conviction involves certain disqualifications which would not follow from the commission of the crime without conviction, the pardon removes such disqualifications. On the other hand, if character is a necessary qualification and the commission of a crime would disqualify even though there had been no criminal prosecution for the crime, the fact that the criminal has been convicted and pardoned does not make him any more eligible.'

The fundamental distinction suggested by Professor Williston has been generally accepted and followed by the courts since the date of his article. A leading case on the subject is State ex rel. Cloud v. State Election Board, 169 Okl. 363, 36 P.2d 20. In that case, one Kiker sought to run for the office of Representative. A constitutional provision made any person who had been adjudged guilty of a felony ineligible. Kiker had pleaded guilty to and had been convicted of embezzlement, but he had thereafter been pardoned by the Governor. The question presented was whether the pardon made him eligible for office. The Oklahoma Supreme Court held in the affirmative, going somewhat further in language than Professor Williston, but reaching the same result:

"A full, unconditional pardon reaches both the punishment prescribed for the offense and the guilt of the offender. It releases the punishment and blots out of existence the guilt so that in the eye of the law the offender is an innocent as if he never committed the offense. It obliterates, in legal contemplation, the offense itself.

"The doctrine of the authorities is that:

'In contemplation of law it...