Defever v. City of Waukesha
| Decision Date | 28 November 2007 |
| Docket Number | No. 2006AP3053.,2006AP3053. |
| Citation | 743 N.W.2d 848,2007 WI App 266 |
| Parties | Michael D. DeFEVER, Olga O. Defever, Scott A. Saxe, Kandie K. Saxe, Andrew M. Bley, Jennifer L. Bley, James D. Ziebarth, Patricia Boelkow, Kimberly Ann Christian, Eric S. Gissel, Stacey L. Sander-Gissel, Frank P. Raczon, Jeff Hart, Michele Hart, Karen Carlsen, and Joe Carlson, Plaintiffs-Appellants, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company and Progressive Halcyon Insurance Company, Subrogated Plaintiffs, v. CITY OF WAUKESHA and Waukesha Water Utility, Defendants-Respondents, TDI Associates, Inc., Kendal Group, Ltd., Wisconsin Electric Power Company, Maass Excavating and Trucking, Inc., and Metropolitan Engineering, Incorporated, Defendants. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and State Farm Fire and Casualty, Plaintiffs, Vicki R. Huse, Eileen L. Zimmerman, Frank P. Raczon, Jeffrey M. Hart, Kimberly A. Christian, and Steven Setzke, Involuntary Plaintiffs, v. TDI Associates, Inc., The Kendal Group, Ltd., Waukesha Water Utility, Wisconsin Electric Power Company, Maass Excavating and Trucking, Inc., and Metropolitan Engineering, Incorporated, Defendants. |
| Court | Wisconsin Court of Appeals |
On behalf of the plaintiffs-appellants, the cause was submitted on the briefs of Jeff Scott Olson of The Jeff Scott Olson Law Firm, S.C., Madison.
On behalf of the defendants-respondents, the cause was submitted on the brief of Tony A. Kordus of Liebmann, Conway, Olejniczak & Jerry, S.C., Green Bay.
Before BROWN, C.J., ANDERSON, P.J., and SNYDER, J.
Michael D. DeFever and other tenants of the Kendal Glen Apartments (DeFever) appeal from the summary judgment dismissal of their claims against the City of Waukesha and Waukesha Water Utility (Waukesha) based upon governmental immunity. DeFever contends that Waukesha is not immune because it violated a ministerial duty and, further, that we should extend the "public officers" exception recognized for medical professionals to Waukesha's immunity claim. We disagree and affirm the summary judgment.
¶ 2 On January 21, 2004, a water main ruptured under an entrance ramp to the underground parking garage of the Kendal Glen Apartments in Waukesha. The escaping water caused flooding of approximately four feet in the underground parking garage. The flooding caused significant damage to the residents' property.
¶ 3 Adkins Construction, Inc.1 installed the water main during the summer of 1998. Waukesha Water Utility employed an on-site inspector to ensure that the water main was installed according to specifications. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has determined that water main pipes should be installed at a minimum depth of five to seven feet. Waukesha's inspector confirmed that the water main was installed at a proper depth of eight feet.
¶ 4 DeFever's experts determined that the water main break occurred at an elbow joint that was only about three feet below the surface of the entrance ramp to the underground parking garage. The break occurred because the water main pipe was not deep enough to prevent freezing. DeFever's expert explained that when water pipes are too shallow, the ground around the pipe can freeze making it more likely that the pipes will shift and break.
¶ 5 DeFever sued Waukesha for their role in the design and installation of the water main. Waukesha moved for summary judgment, arguing that the law of governmental immunity barred DeFever's claim. The circuit court, relying on Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District v. City of Milwaukee, 2005 WI 8, 277 Wis.2d 635, 652, 691 N.W.2d 658 (MMSD,) concluded that the installation of the water main fell "squarely within the implementation of public works classification" and therefore was discretionary. It further held that the public officers exception was limited to medical contexts. The court granted summary judgment in favor of Waukesha. DeFever appeals.
¶ 6 DeFever presents one issue for review: Are the City of Waukesha and Waukesha Water Utility immune from suit for negligence in failing to ensure that a water main was installed at the depth required by law? We review the circuit court's order for summary judgment by applying the same methodology as the circuit court and our review is de novo. Meyers v. Schultz, 2004 WI App 234, ¶ 9, 277 Wis.2d 845, 850, 690 N.W.2d 873. Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. WIS. STAT. § 802.08(2) (2005-06).2 When there are no disputed facts, the determination of whether discretionary act immunity applies is a question of law, which we review de novo. Meyers, 277 Wis.2d 845, ¶ 10, 690 N.W.2d 873.
¶ 7 WISCONSIN STAT. § 893.80(4) provides that "kilo suit may be brought against any. . . governmental subdivision ... or against its officers, officials, agents or employees for acts done in the exercise of legislative, quasi-legislative, judicial or quasi-judicial functions." When determining if governmental immunity applies, "legislative, quasi-legislative, judicial, or quasi-judicial functions" are synonymous with discretionary acts. Willow Creek Ranch, L.L.C. v. Town of Shelby, 2000 WI 56, ¶ 25, 235 Wis.2d 409, 424-25, 611 N.W.2d 693. A discretionary act is one that involves an exercise of judgment when applying rules to the facts. Id.
¶ 8 In contrast, ministerial acts are not covered by governmental immunity. Meyers, 277 Wis.2d 845, ¶ 12, 690 N.W.2d 873. A ministerial act involves an act that is an absolute and certain duty imposed by law, which prescribes the manner in which it is to be performed. Willow Creek Ranch, L.L.C., 235 Wis.2d 409, ¶ 27, 611 N.W.2d 693. The performance of a ministerial act does not require the use of judgment or discretion. Id. Law, in the context of a ministerial duty, "means, at a minimum, an act of government." Meyers, 277 Wis.2d 845, 1119, 690 N.W.2d 873. This would include "statutes, administrative rules, policies or orders." Id. (citation omitted).
¶ 9 DeFever argues that installing the water main at a proper depth is a ministerial duty imposed by relevant provisions of the Wisconsin Administrative Code. For support, DeFever directs us to the following rule:
Adequate measures shall be taken to protect all portions of the water supply system from freezing. All private water mains and water services shall be in stalled below the predicted depths of frost specified in [the code] unless other protective measures from freezing are taken.
WIS. ADMIN. CODE § Comm. 82.40(8)(a)1 (July 2007). A private water main is defined as one that is "not part of the municipal water system," while a public water main is "a water supply pipe for public use owned and controlled by a public authority." Wis. ADMIN. CODE § Comm. 81.01(195), (199) (Nov.2004). The record shows that the Kendal Glen water main is owned by Waukesha Water Utility and fits the definition of a public, not private, water main. Therefore, § Comm. 82.40(8)(a) imposes no duty here, ministerial or otherwise.
¶ 10 DeFever also argues that the code imposes an unambiguous duty on Waukesha to place the water main at a specific depth:
Cover. Sufficient earth or other suitable cover shall be provided over mains to prevent freezing. A minimum cover of 5 to 7 feet is required unless determined by the department to be unnecessary in specific cases. Insulation may be required at some installations to prevent freezing.
WIS. ADMIN. CODE § NR 811.66(2)(e) (June 2003).3 This provision applies to "community water systems which are to be located in street rights-of-way or easements." Wis. ADMIN. CODE § NR 811.61. A "community water system" is defined as:
[A] public water system which serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents. Any water system serving 7 or more homes, 10 or more mobile homes, 10 or more apartment units or 10 or more condominium units shall be considered a community water system unless information is provided by the owners indicating that 25 year-round residents will not be served.
WIS. ADMIN. CODE § NR 811.02(9). All "utility-owned mains" must be located in either a "public right-of-way" or a "readily accessible easement." Wis. ADMIN. CODE § PSC 185.52(1)(e) (Apr.2007).
¶ 11 The City of Waukesha has a permanent easement to control and operate the water main, and the water main is owned by the Waukesha Water Utility. Tying all of these definitions together, we conclude that the Kendal Glen water main is part of a "community water system." Accordingly, Waukesha had a duty under WIS. ADMIN.CODE § NR 811.66(2)(e) to place the water main with a minimum cover of five to seven feet, or at such a depth as to prevent freezing. We accept that this was a ministerial act because the code prescribed the depth, or more specifically an acceptable range, at which installation was to be performed. See Willow Creek Ranch, L.L.C., 235 Wis.2d 409, ¶ 27, 611 N.W.2d 693. DeFever does not argue, however, that Waukesha failed to comply with this ministerial duty. The parties agree and the record confirms that the water main was installed with eight feet of soil covering it. Based on the record facts, we ascertain no breach of duty with regard to Waukesha's installation of the water main.
¶ 12 We turn, however, to the subsequent modifications to the construction site, which left the water main buried at a depth of approximately three feet. Waukesha argues that the design and implementation of the water system, in conjunction with the entire development plan, were discretionary acts covered by governmental immunity. In MMSD, the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District sued the City of Milwaukee to recover costs resulting from the rupture of a city water main. MMSD, 277 Wis.2d 635, ¶ 2, 691 N.W.2d 658. The complaint alleged that the city failed to properly monitor, inspect, and repair or replace the water...
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