DeHart v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., S98Q0715.

• Decision Date: 04 December 1998
• Docket Number: No. S98Q0715.,S98Q0715.
• Parties: DeHART et al. v. LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

509 S.E.2d 913

270 Ga. 381

DeHART et al. v. LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY.

No. S98Q0715.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

December 4, 1998.

Reconsideration Denied December 18, 1998.

John Barrow, Gene Mac Winburn, Winburn, Lewis & Barrow, P.C., Athens, for Craig C. DeHart et al.

Ben Kingree, III, Patrick Connors DiCarlo, Carter & Ansley, Atlanta, for Liberty Mutual Insurance Company.

FLETCHER, Presiding Justice.

Craig and Jeannie DeHart filed this action in federal court seeking a declaration that a liability insurance policy issued by Liberty Mutual Insurance Company was in effect when their son was injured in an automobile collision in North Carolina. The Eleventh Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals has asked this Court whether the Georgia Public Service Commission's "continuous coverage" provision applies outside the state of Georgia and whether state law permits the stacking of a motor carrier's liability insurance policies. We conclude that the state regulation applies to the same territory outside the state as the motor carrier's insurance policy and that an injured person may recover under that policy when the insurance company has failed to file a termination form with the Georgia PSC.

FACTS

The PSC regulations require insurance companies to certify insurance coverage of motor carriers by filing a Form E and to provide notice of termination of coverage by filing a Form K. In June 1986, Liberty Mutual certified to the PSC that it provided liability insurance coverage for Senn Trucking Company of Georgia in a policy effective May 27, 1986. In November 1986 it filed a Form K notifying the PSC that the policy would be cancelled in thirty days, but filed a Form E reinstating the policy before the cancellation took effect. Although the policy expired in May 1987, Liberty Mutual did not file another Form K notifying the PSC that coverage had terminated. On May 27, 1987, Senn Trucking acquired a liability insurance policy from National Continental Insurance Company. On May 26, 1988, a driver for Senn Trucking caused a collision on a North Carolina highway that severely injured Adam Shane DeHart. The DeHarts sued the trucking company and both insurance companies in state court. The trial court denied summary judgment to Liberty Mutual, but the Georgia Court of Appeals reversed, holding that Liberty Mutual had been improperly joined because the accident occurred outside the state of Georgia.¹

The DeHarts settled with National Continental for the policy limits of one million dollars and with Senn Trucking for $125,000. The settlement agreement stated that it was not intended to affect the litigation between the DeHarts and Liberty Mutual. The De-Harts then filed this action in federal district court seeking a declaration that Liberty Mutual was liable based on the PSC regulation that motor carrier liability insurance policies are continuous until the PSC receives actual written notice that the coverage will terminate. The district court held that Liberty Mutual's failure to file the termination form with the PSC meant that the policy was effective on the date of the accident and granted summary judgment to the DeHarts. Liberty Mutual appealed and the Eleventh Circuit certified the following two questions to this court:

1. Does the GPSC regulatory provision mandating that motor carrier liability insurance policies properly registered with the GPSC are continuous until not less than thirty days after the GPSC receives actual written notice that such coverage will terminate—i.e., the continuous coverage provision—have extraterritorial application... when a motor vehicle collision occurs outside the state of Georgia?

2. Where an insurer has certified to the GPSC that it insures a Georgia motor carrier and, notwithstanding the expiration of the policy in question, fails to notify the GPSC that such certification has been canceled prior to the loss, and the motor carrier subsequently purchases a second policy also in effect at the time of the loss, does Georgia law permit extension of the GPSC continuous coverage provision to provide "stacking" of the two policies with respect to the motoring public?²

MOTOR CARRIER LAWS AND REGULATIONS

The Motor Carrier Act of 1931 gave the Georgia PSC the power to regulate the business of persons engaged in the transportation of persons and property for hire on any public highway in this state.³ The act required motor contract carriers to obtain a certificate of public convenience and necessity. To obtain the certificate, the carrier had to give bond with adequate security or file a policy of indemnity insurance for the protection of the public against injury caused by the motor carrier's negligence.⁴ The PSC's rules provide that any insurance policy shall continue until 30 days after written notice of the cancellation is received in the PSC's office.

Surety bonds, policies of insurance, endorsements, or certificates of insurance... shall be continuous and shall not be cancelled or withdrawn until after thirty (30) days' notice in writing by the insurance company, surety or sureties, motor carrier, or other party ... has first been given to the Commission at its offices in Atlanta, Georgia, which period of thirty days shall commence to run from the date such notice is actually received at the office of the Commission.⁵

EFFECT OF GEORGIA REGULATIONS ON OUT-OF-STATE COLLISIONS

The DeHarts do not seek to recover from Liberty Mutual under the terms of its liability insurance policy with Senn Trucking. By its terms, the policy expired on May 27,1987. Instead, the DeHarts seek coverage as third-party beneficiaries of PSC regulations. Despite the expiration of its policy, Liberty Mutual failed to file a Form K notifying the PSC of the policy's cancellation. As a result, the DeHarts argue that the continuous coverage regulation mandates coverage for injuries incurred in a collision outside the state and the stacking of Liberty Mutual's policy on top of coverage afforded by the replacement policy that National Continental provided.

1. The Court of Appeals of Georgia has rendered conflicting opinions on the application of Georgia law regulating motor carriers when an accident occurs outside the state. In National Union Fire Insurance Co. v. Marty,⁶ one panel of the court of appeals held that Georgia's direct action statutes, which permit joinder of the motor carrier and its insurance carrier in the same action, did not have extraterritorial effect. Although the direct action statutes do not expressly restrict joinder of insurance carriers to causes of action arising on Georgia highways, the court of appeals relied on other statutory provisions in the chapter regulating motor carriers on the public highways "of this state."⁷ The court concluded that the trial court should have granted summary judgment to the insurance company because the plaintiff was injured on a Florida highway. Another court of appeals panel found Marty controlling when it determined that the DeHarts could not bring a direct cause of action against Liberty Mutual in state court.⁸

When the same issue of joinder of the insurance carrier arose again, the whole court refused to follow the decisions in Marty and DeHart I. Instead, the court held in Johnson v. Woodard⁹ that joinder of the insurer and the motor carrier in the same action "is not prohibited merely because the collision occurred on a highway in South Carolina."¹⁰ The majority found no principled reason to deny joinder to a person injured by a state-regulated carrier that is sued in Georgia. Rejecting the statutory interpretation in Marty, the Johnson majority concluded that "mere reference to use of Georgia highways in some sections of the Act does not mean that a person has a cause of action ... only if an injury occurs on Georgia highways or streets."¹¹ Thus, while the court in Marty would not assume that the legislature intended to enact laws applying outside the state, the court in Johnson assumed the opposite. It concluded that the joinder statute applied to all out-of-state collisions because the legislature did not expressly prohibit joinder in that situation.

While the court of appeals in those cases dealt with the direct action statute and this case deals with the PSC's continuous coverage regulation, the cases are similar to the extent that they concern the ability of persons injured in out-of-state accidents to sue Georgia motor carriers in Georgia based on state law. As the conflicting opinions of the court of appeals state, however, the language of the motor carrier act does not directly address whether state law applies to collisions that occur outside the state.

Based on the purpose of the motor carrier act and PSC regulations, we conclude that the continuous coverage provision applies to motor vehicle collisions that occur outside the state of Georgia. The state motor carrier acts were enacted to protect members of the general public against injuries caused by the negligence of a Georgia motor carrier.¹² The statutes do not preclude the application of state law to motor carriers with a Georgia certificate of public convenience and necessity for injuries they cause outside Georgia. The policy in this case covered accidents that occurred throughout the United States during the policy period. Given the purpose of the motor carrier laws and the nature of interstate travel, we conclude that the continuous coverage provision applies to both Georgia and out-of-state residents who are injured in other states by Georgia motor carriers.

EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS COVERAGE PROVISION ON INJURED MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC

2. The continuous coverage regulation provides that it shall not be cancelled until thirty days after the insurance company gives written notice to the commission. By its express terms, the regulation continues coverage until the PSC actually receives notice of cancellation.¹³ Other courts provide persuasive...