DeHerrera v. State

• Citation: 589 P.2d 845
• Decision Date: 26 January 1979
• Docket Number: No. 4929,4929
• Parties: Raymond W. DeHERRERA, Appellant (Defendant below), v. The STATE of Wyoming, Appellee (Plaintiff below).
• Court: United States State Supreme Court of Wyoming

Page 845

589 P.2d 845

Raymond W. DeHERRERA, Appellant (Defendant below), v. The STATE of Wyoming, Appellee (Plaintiff below).

No. 4929.

Supreme Court of Wyoming.

Jan. 26, 1979.

Gerald M. Gallivan, Director, Wyoming Defender Aid Program, Henry F. Schlueter, Jr., and Larry G. Grubbs, Senior Law Students, Laramie, for appellant.

John J. Rooney, Atty. Gen., Gerald A. Stack, Deputy Atty. Gen., Criminal Division, Richard H. Honaker, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Sandra K. Dunn, Legal Intern, Cheyenne, for appellee.

Before RAPER, C. J., McCLINTOCK, THOMAS and ROSE, JJ., and GUTHRIE ^*, J., ret.

ROSE, Justice.

Appellant, Raymond W. DeHerrera, was charged with and tried upon three counts of burglary in violation of § 6-7-201, W.S.1977. ¹ The jury found the appellant guilty The issues assigned for our consideration are two:

upon all three counts, whereupon judgment was entered upon the verdict and he was sentenced to the Wyoming State Penitentiary for three concurrent terms of not less than seven nor more than twenty years.

(1) Whether the appellant was arrested without probable cause by the Casper police, and, if we answer this question in the affirmative we are then asked to decide

(2) Whether the district court committed reversible error in admitting the defendant's confession as the fruit of an illegal arrest.

We will hold that there was probable cause for arrest and that the district court did not commit error in admitting the statement (confession) of the defendant.

FACTS

In this case, the evidence revealed the following:

On the night of December 16, 1975, at about 9:30 p. m., Raymond DeHerrera and his brother-in-law, James Minchow, were returning home from Colorado. Minchow parked the car in a parking lot located near Russell's TV & Appliance, and proceeded to a nearby pay-telephone to make a call. Upon returning, Minchow and DeHerrera drove around and then went to the house where both were living. Minchow helped DeHerrera carry a base station and mobile unit C. B. radio from the automobile into the house, and, in response to inquiry, Minchow was informed by DeHerrera that they were from Russell's TV.

On that same night, at approximately 9:30 p. m., James Russell was working in his store when he heard a loud crash. Thinking it was something outside, he continued with his work. When he returned home, however, Russell was notified by police that his place of business had been broken into, and upon examining his inventory he discovered that a Cobra base radio and a Pearce-Simpson Cheatah mobile radio were missing.

In the early morning hours of June 17, 1976, Raymond DeHerrera, Gary Potter, Richard Church and Eugene Dobbins were driving in the vicinity of Stan's TV & Radio. Gary Potter, the driver, parked behind Stan's TV in the alley while Dobbins, at DeHerrera's request, got out and kicked the door a few times. Nothing happened, so they left, only to return several minutes later. On their return, Potter ran against the door, knocking it down. Again the four left. Parking an estimated one-half block away, DeHerrera and Richard Church went to Stan's TV, and when they returned to the car they were carrying several C. B. radios. These radios were then delivered to the Minchow home. The group then, for a second time, returned to Stan's TV.

At 8:00 a. m., June 17, 1976, William Goodwin, owner of Stan's TV discovered that his store had been burglarized and a considerable amount of merchandise was missing, consisting of several Royce and Midland C. B. radios.

Some time in July, 1976, appellant gave a Royce C. B. radio to Ronnie Ortega to sell, and one Dale Summers purchased the radio from Ortega with a check made out to DeHerrera. After purchasing the C. B. unit, Summers notified the police to pick it up.

On July 10, 1976, James Minchow was having a barbeque in his backyard and Raymond DeHerrera and Tommy Tucker were present. During the course of the party, Tucker and DeHerrera left, and the testimony at the trial was to the effect that during their absence they broke into Kistler's Tent & Awning, taking some flags and beer, and a transistor receiver and tuner.

PROBABLE CAUSE

In the course of investigating these burglaries, and before going to the Minchow residence on July 13, 1976, where certain stolen items were discovered and the arrest effected, Officer Claxton and his fellow officer, Colling, were aware of the break-in at Stan's TV and the other business establishments, and they had specific knowledge concerning the particular articles which had been stolen. Claxton had also received information as to where some of the stolen equipment could be found. Additionally, Claxton was informed of the transaction between Dale Summers and Ronnie Ortega, and of the check written to appellant Raymond DeHerrera in payment for the stolen radio.

Upon their arrival at the Minchow residence, Claxton and Colling observed one C. B. radio partially hidden under the couch, after which another radio was voluntarily produced for the officers by the appellant's sister. The radios matched the description of stolen items, whereupon Claxton and Colling took possession of the contraband and took the appellant to the police station.

At trial, an In camera hearing was held to determine whether the facts in Officer Claxton's possession were sufficient to constitute such probable cause as would authorize the arrest of DeHerrera. The trial court, in finding probable cause for arrest, denied a motion to suppress the confession made by appellant.

There is some argument between the parties about whether or not appellant was, in fact, under arrest when Officer Claxton asked the defendant to go with him to the police station. We will assume the position most favorable to the defendant in a probable-cause controversy, which is that he was under arrest. Having made this assumption, the only issue is whether or not there was such cause present as would, in law, authorize the officer to make the arrest.

We said in Rodarte v. City of Riverton, Wyo., 552 P.2d 1245, 1252:

"Before an officer in Wyoming can make a legal warrantless arrest he must have probable cause to believe that a crime (as defined by statute) has been committed By the person to be arrested or he must have reasonable grounds to believe that an offense is being committed in his presence By the person to be arrested. . . .",

citing to § 7-12.3, W.S.1957, 1975 Cum.Supp. (now § 7-2-103, W.S.1977). ²

We discussed in Rodarte what probable cause is in the criminal constitutional context and, with approval, quoted Williams v. United States, 10 Cir., 323 F.2d 90, 93 (Wyo.1963), as follows:

" ' " 'The substance of all the definitions' of probable cause 'is a reasonable ground for belief of guilt.' * * * Probable cause exists where 'the facts and circumstances within their (the officers') Knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information (are) sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that' an offense has been or is being committed.' " ' Citing Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175-176, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 1310-1311, 93 L.Ed. 1879. (Emphasis supplied)" At 552 P.2d, page 1253.

We quoted from Mr. Justice Stewart as he delivered the opinion of the court in Beck v. State of Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91, 85 S.Ct. 223, 225, 13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964), when he said:

" '. . . Whether that arrest was constitutionally valid depends in turn upon whether, At the moment the arrest was made, the officers had probable cause to make it whether at that moment the facts and circumstances within their knowledge And of which they had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the petitioner had committed or was committing an offense. Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175-176, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 1310-1311, 93 L.Ed. 1879; . . .' (Emphasis supplied)" (Underscoring added) At 552 P.2d, page 1253.

We have, then, adopted these standards against which to examine whether there exists probable cause for arrest in any given fact situation. With these tests for background, let us see whether the officers had probable cause to believe a crime had been committed so that Claxton's arrest of DeHerrera is justifiable. Did he, in other words acting as a reasonable man a prudent man a man of reasonable caution there and then have facts at hand which would give him probable cause to believe a crime had been committed? What did Officer Claxton see, hear, or know, when he invited the defendant to the police station, which would make him, as he acted in the manner imposed upon him by law, believe that, in all probability, a crime had been committed and that DeHerrera had committed it?

The crime under investigation was burglary (fn. 1, supra). At the very least, Officer Claxton knew the following things when he arrested DeHerrera: He knew that Russell's TV & Appliance Store had been robbed on December 16, 1975, and that a Cobra base radio and a Pearce-Simpson Cheatah radio had been stolen. He knew that on June 17, 1976, Stan's TV & Radio establishment had been burglarized and several C. B. radios taken and which had been described to him as Royce and Midland C. B. radios. He knew that on July 10, 1976, Kistler's Tent and Awning was burglarized and some beer, flags, a transistor resistor and tuner were taken. Claxton had a detailed description of the stolen items at the time of the arrest. He also knew that DeHerrera had given one of the stolen radios to another person to sell for him and that the item was paid for by a check made payable to DeHerrera. Officer Claxton had been told ³ that the stolen property would be found where DeHerrera was living; and, when he went there, he did, in fact, find two of the radios which had been stolen. ⁴

Our answer is that there can be no doubt that Officer Claxton had sufficient facts in his possession as would permit him, as a reasonable man a prudent man a man of caution to believe that, in...