Dillon v. Chapman, 80-853

• Decision Date: 13 May 1981
• Docket Number: No. 80-853,80-853
• Citation: 404 So.2d 354
• Parties: Dennis P. DILLON, Jr., a minor, by and through Dennis P. Dillon and Aurelia M. Dillon, his parents, etc., Appellants, v. Frederick W. CHAPMAN and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, etc., Appellees.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 354

404 So.2d 354

Dennis P. DILLON, Jr., a minor, by and through Dennis P. Dillon and Aurelia M. Dillon, his parents, etc., Appellants, v. Frederick W. CHAPMAN and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, etc., Appellees.

No. 80-853.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.

May 13, 1981.

Rehearing Denied July 7, 1981.

Motion to Stay Denied Aug. 19, 1981.

Sammy Cacciatore and James A. Sisserson of Nance, Cacciatore & Sisserson, Melbourne, for appellants.

Janet R. DeLaura of Smalbein, Eubank, Johnson, Rosier & Bussey, P.A., Rockledge, for appellees.

Larry Klein, West Palm Beach, for amicus curiae The Academy of Florida Trial Lawyers.

DAUKSCH, Chief Judge.

This is an appeal from an order which found sections 627.737 et seq., Florida Statutes (1979), (the 1979 no-fault act) to be constitutional, granted defendants' Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings and, in the alternative, granted defendants' Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice. Defendants' motions were granted because plaintiffs' pleadings did not meet the tort threshold required by section 627.737, Florida Statutes (1979), in order to sue for plaintiffs' damages.

Plaintiffs sued for damages arising from severe and significant injuries sustained by Dennis P. Dillon, Jr., a minor, in an automobile accident. Plaintiffs' pleadings stated that Dillon was not permanently injured, did not sustain permanent and significant scarring and/or disfigurement, had not incurred a significant and permanent loss of a bodily function, and had not suffered an aggravation of a pre-existing condition. The pleadings also stated that Dillon sustained a loss of earning capacity while recovering from the accident and had incurred medical expenses in excess of $1,000.00.

Plaintiffs advance three arguments in support of their contention that the trial court erred in finding various provisions of the no-fault act to be constitutional: (1) the provisions deny their constitutional right of access to the courts; (2) the provisions violate their due process rights as guaranteed by the Florida Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and (3) the provisions violate their rights to equal protection under the laws. Although we are well aware of our supreme court's opinions concerning our no-fault act in Lasky v. State Farm Insurance Company, 296 So.2d 9 (Fla.1974), and Kluger v. White, 281 So.2d 1 (Fla.1973), we find that various legislative changes have substantially altered this law so as to cause it to be violative of plaintiffs' due process rights and their right of access to Florida courts for redress of injuries.

DENIAL OF RIGHT OF ACCESS TO THE COURTS

The complaint in the instant case alleged Dillon had experienced extreme mental pain and physical suffering, intangible injuries for which damages have historically (before "no-fault") been recoverable through an action in tort. However, since this complaint clearly showed that the plaintiffs did not meet the threshold required by section 627.737(2), Florida Statutes (1979), the trial court found plaintiffs to be precluded from maintaining their action for redress of Dillon's injuries.

Florida's Constitution contains a guarantee of "redress of any injury":

The courts shall be open to every person for redress of any injury, and justice shall be administered without sale, denial or delay.

Art. I, sec. 21, Fla.Const. However, the guarantee contained within this provision is not absolute. Rather, this provision has been interpreted as meaning that the Legislature may only abolish the right of access to the courts for redress of a particular injury if it provides a reasonable alternative, unless it shows "an overpowering public necessity for the abolishment of such right, and no alternative method of meeting such public necessity can be shown." Kluger v. White, 281 So.2d 1, 4 (Fla.1973).

Since the Legislature has abolished plaintiffs' right for redress for Dillon's injuries of pain and suffering, this court must consider whether the 1979 no-fault act provides a reasonable alternative or whether the Legislature has shown an overpowering public necessity for the abolishment of this right with no alternate method being available to meet this necessity. See Lasky v. State Farm Insurance Company, 296 So.2d 9 (Fla.1974).

In Lasky, our supreme court found that the denial of recovery to certain injured persons for pain and suffering under the 1972 no-fault act ¹ did not deny them their right of access because the Legislature had established a reasonable alternative. The court first noted that the exemption for tort liability only applied to owners of motor vehicles who maintained security as required by the no-fault act. Sec. 627.737, Fla.Stat. (1971). The court then found that the security maintained by these owners, together with the provisions of the 1972 no-fault act, provided a reasonable alternative to traditional actions for pain and suffering because there was only a limited class of cases barred from recovery, ² the injured party was assured of recovery of all his major and salient economic losses even when he was at fault, there would be a speedy payment by the insured's own insurer of medical costs and lost wages, and the injured party himself was immune from suits for pain and suffering of the other parties to an accident to the limited extent provided by the no-fault act. ³

Amendments to the 1972 act have removed some of the very provisions which the Lasky court relied upon in finding a reasonable alternative. The change most inimical to any finding that the 1979 act constitutes a reasonable alternative is the provision which only allows an injured party to collect part of his medical expenses and lost income. Sec. 627.736(1), Fla.Stat. (1979). When the Lasky court considered the 1972 no-fault act, it provided 100% recovery for medical expenses and 85% or 100% recovery for lost income, less deductibles. Chapter 77-468, Laws of Florida, amended these recovery provisions and the present no-fault act allows an injured party to only recover 80% of his medical expenses and either 60% or 80% of his lost income. However, the injured party may recover the remaining percentage of his expenses through litigation because section 627.737(1), Florida Statutes (1979), only grants an exemption from tort liability for damages "to the extent that the benefits described in s. 627.736(1) are payable for such injury, or would be payable but for any exclusion or deductible authorized by ss. 627.730-627.741 ...."

Another change which diminishes from the adequacy of the 1979 no-fault act is the increase of the allowable deductibles. Under the 1972 act, the required personal injury protection (PIP) coverage was $5,000.00 with a maximum deductible of $1,000.00. Sec. 627.739(1), Fla.Stat. (1971). The 1979 no-fault act requires PIP coverage of $10,000.00 but the maximum allowable deductible is $8,000.00. Sec. 627.739(1), Fla.Stat. (1979). This change means that the 1979 act allows for decreased PIP coverage.

These changes to sections 627.736, 627.737 and 627.739 mean that these provisions no longer provide a reasonable alternative for redress of injuries suffered in automobile accidents. Injured parties no longer receive full compensation for their expenses or lost income. Increased deductibles result in decreased PIP coverage and diminish the likelihood that an injured party will promptly recover his major out-of-pocket expenses arising from the accident. Injured parties are now able and are being forced to resort to the courts to recover that portion of their damages not payable by insurance carriers by reason of the no-fault act remaining uncovered expenses, lost income and deductibles. One of the most strident arguments in favor of no-fault type insurance legislation has been that the multitude of suits unnecessarily crowds the courts with injured persons' lawsuits. This legislation does not reduce the number of lawsuits, then, but merely reduces the amount to be sued for. Of course, we cannot ignore the very practical consideration that some lawsuits will not be filed because they are not "worth it" but that is certainly not the way our society views redress for injured persons; the constitution and our very make-up requires every person to be redressed for wrongs against him. We find that these sections thereby violate plaintiffs' constitutional right of access to Florida courts for redress of their injuries.

There remains the question of whether the Legislature has shown an overpowering public necessity and no alternative method of meeting this necessity which requires the abolishment of plaintiffs' right of access to the courts for redress of injuries. See Kluger, 281 So.2d at 4. We find that the Legislature has not shown any public necessity different from that which was present when the Lasky court considered the 1972 no-fault act. The provisions upheld in Lasky thereby constitute an alternative method for meeting such necessity.

DUE PROCESS

We also find that sections 627.736(1), 627.737(1), and 627.739(1), Florida Statutes (1979), cause plaintiffs' due process rights to be violated and are thus unconstitutional. The provisions of these sections do not bear a reasonable relationship to permissible legislative objectives and are discriminatory and oppressive.

The Lasky court found the 1972 no-fault act to be reasonably related to a number of permissible legislative objectives: (1) a lessening of the congestion of the court system with a reduction in concomitant delays in the court calendars; (2) assurance that persons injured in vehicular accidents would receive some economic aid in meeting medical expenses and the like, in order not to drive injured persons into dire financial circumstances with the possibility of swelling the public relief rolls; (3) correcting the traditional tort system of reparations which supposedly led to inequalities of recovery; (4) modifying the tort system of...