Director of Revenue v. Armco, Inc., 71784

• Decision Date: 17 April 1990
• Docket Number: No. 71784,71784
• Citation: 787 S.W.2d 722
• Parties: DIRECTOR OF REVENUE, Appellant, v. ARMCO, INC., Respondent.
• Court: Missouri Supreme Court

Page 722

787 S.W.2d 722

DIRECTOR OF REVENUE, Appellant, v. ARMCO, INC., Respondent.

No. 71784.

Supreme Court of Missouri En Banc.

April 17, 1990.

Rehearing Denied May 15, 1990.

William L. Webster, Atty. Gen., James B. Deutsch, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, for appellant.

W.H. Bates, Karen M. Iverson, Thomas J. McMahon, Kansas City, for respondent.

ROBERTSON, Judge.

The Director of Revenue (Director) seeks review of a decision of the Administrative Hearing Commission (Commission) invalidating a sales tax assessment against Armco, Inc. (Armco). The Director urges the reversal of the Commission's decision because: (1) the exemption claimed by Armco for transactions "in commerce" between the states, Section 144.030.1, ¹ is not applicable when title passes from vendor to purchaser in Missouri; and (2) even if the exemption applies, Armco failed to obtain exemption certificates from its purchasers at the time of the sales as required by Section 144.210.1. This case involves the construction of the revenue laws of this state. This Court has exclusive appellate jurisdiction. Mo. Const. art. V, § 3. We reverse and remand with directions.

I.

The facts are stipulated. Armco manufactures steel and steel products in Missouri. Burlington Northern Railroad Company (Burlington) and Union Pacific Railroad Company (Union Pacific) ordered railroad spikes from Armco by telephone from their offices in St. Paul, Minnesota, and Omaha, Nebraska, respectively. Armco agreed and understood that Union Pacific spikes would be shipped F.O.B. from Armco's plant to Cheyenne, Wyoming. Burlington intended that its spikes be shipped to various destinations in Montana, Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Washington, and Wyoming.

At its expense, Armco loaded the spikes on a railroad car at Armco's plant and moved them to a siding location on Armco's property. The siding tracks were connected to railroad tracks owned and operated by railroads conducting business in interstate commerce. The railroad cars used by Armco were in the general pool of railroad cars used in interstate commerce. Neither Burlington nor Union Pacific has railroad tracks running to Armco's plant. A carrier other than Burlington or Union Pacific transported the loaded railroad cars from Armco's plant. From the time that Armco loaded the spikes aboard the railroad cars, the buyers bore all risk of loss or damage.

The Missouri Pacific Railroad Company (MoPac) transported all railroad cars containing spikes sold to Union Pacific from Armco's plant. Once the railroad cars left the plant, they remained on MoPac tracks until they reached an interchange with Union Pacific tracks in Kansas City, Kansas. While traveling on MoPac tracks, the railcars were within the exclusive control of MoPac, and MoPac used its own engines and crews to operate the train. Upon their arrival in Wyoming, Union Pacific stored its spikes for use in building or repairing railroad tracks. When Union Pacific used the spikes, it paid, under direct-pay permits, sales or use taxes to the states in which the spikes were ultimately used. Under the terms of those permits, Union Pacific did not pay sales tax for its purchases of property in the permit states, but maintained a computerized inventory system to calculate and pay sales or use taxes based upon actual use of taxable property within the permit states.

The Kansas City Terminal Railway Company (KTC) transported all railroad cars loaded with spikes purchased by Burlington from Armco's plant to an interchange with Burlington tracks in Kansas City, Missouri. While on KTC tracks, KTC controlled the railroad cars, using its own engines and crew to operate the train.

Burlington also used the spikes to build or repair its railroad tracks in the vicinity of the various destination points. Like Union Pacific, Burlington paid sales or use taxes to the states where the uses occurred.

On June 19, 1987, respondent assessed tax against Armco for its sales of spikes to Burlington and Union Pacific from May 1, 1984 through May 31, 1986. Armco filed a timely appeal with the Commission. As part of the proceedings before the Commission, Armco obtained written claims of exemption from Burlington and Union Pacific in April, 1988.

The Commission found that Armco's sales were "in commerce" between Missouri and other states and exempt from Missouri sales tax under Section 144.030.1. This petition for review followed.

II.

Armco contends that its sales to Burlington and Union Pacific are "retail sales ... in commerce between this state and any other state of the United States" and thus exempt under Section 144.030.1. The Director argues that cases of this Court have established a bright line test that determines taxability based on where title passes. Kurtz Concrete, Inc. v. Spradling, 560 S.W.2d 858 (Mo. banc 1978). The Director further urges that even if Armco's sales are exempt, Armco's failure to obtain and keep the exemption certificates required by Section 144.210.1 renders the exemption unavailable to Armco.

The Director's second argument is dispositive. In reaching this conclusion, we assume arguendo that the sales at issue here are in commerce and exempt from taxation.

Section 144.210.1 provides that "[e]xemption certificates signed by the purchaser ... shall be required to be kept by the seller as evidence for any exempt sales claimed...." In Van Cleave Printing Co. v. Director of Revenue, 784 S.W.2d 794 (Mo. banc 1990), the taxpayer claimed the exemption but did not obtain or keep exemption certificates as evidence that the sale was exempt. This Court observed that the language of Section 144.210.1 is clear and unambiguous and held that "an exemption certificate is required evidence for any claim of exemption." 784 S.W.2d at 796. In the absence of such certificates, the exemption is lost.

Neither Van Cleave nor any other case of this Court has determined whether exemption certificates may be produced for the first time in proceedings before the Commission. We are bound by the clear and unambiguous language of the statute as to the nature of the evidence required to prove a sales tax exemption. Section 144.210.1 is not free of ambiguity, however, as to whether exemption certificates initially produced on administrative review retain their vitality for purposes of the exemption claimed.

Canons of construction direct that exemption statutes be strictly construed against the taxpayer. Missouri Public Service Co. v. Director of Revenue, 733 S.W.2d 448, 449 (Mo. banc 1987). We believe a similar strict construction is mandated for statutes establishing conditions for claiming an exemption. "[T]axation is the rule; exemption is the exception; and that claims for exemption are not favored in the law." Bethesda General Hospital v. State Tax Commission, 396 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Mo.1965). The polestar, as always, remains the intent of the legislature.

Section 144.210.1 serves purposes of administrative convenience and resource efficacy. These purposes are the focus of the phrase "kept by the seller" in the statute. The taxpayer bears the burden of producing, and the Director is entitled to have, all of...