Doe v. Hartz

• Decision Date: 26 January 1998
• Docket Number: Nos. 97-3086,97-3087,s. 97-3086
• Citation: 134 F.3d 1339
• Parties: Jane DOE, Plaintiff-Appellee, United States of America, Intervenor Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Father Gerald HARTZ, Defendant-Appellant, Bishop Lawrence Soens; St. Lawrence Church; Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City, Iowa, Defendants. Jane DOE, Plaintiff-Appellee, United States of America, Intervenor Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Father Gerald HARTZ, Defendant, Bishop Lawrence Soens; St. Lawrence Church; Roman Catholic Diocese, of Sioux City, Iowa, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 1339

134 F.3d 1339

Jane DOE, Plaintiff-Appellee, United States of America, Intervenor Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Father Gerald HARTZ, Defendant-Appellant,

Bishop Lawrence Soens; St. Lawrence Church; Roman Catholic

Diocese of Sioux City, Iowa, Defendants.

Jane DOE, Plaintiff-Appellee, United States of America, Intervenor Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Father Gerald HARTZ, Defendant,

Bishop Lawrence Soens; St. Lawrence Church; Roman Catholic

Diocese, of Sioux City, Iowa, Defendants-Appellants.

Nos. 97-3086, 97-3087.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Dec. 8, 1997.

Decided Jan. 26, 1998.

Joseph L. Fitzgibbons, Estherville, IA, argued, for appellant Hartz.

James W. Radig, Sioux City, IA, argued, for defendant-appellant Roman Catholic Diocese.

Roxanne Barton Conlin, Des Moines, IA, argued, for appellee.

Before FAGG, BOWMAN, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff Jane Doe filed a civil action in federal district court against Father Gerald Hartz, Bishop Lawrence Soens, St. Lawrence Church, and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City, Iowa. Doe alleged that Father Hartz made sexual advances toward her. She asserted a federal claim under the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 13981-14040 (1994), and various other state law claims. The defendants moved to dismiss the suit, and the District Court denied the motion. ¹ The case is before us on an interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) (1994).

The defendants argue that Doe cannot state a claim under VAWA, that VAWA is an unconstitutional exercise of congressional power, and that the First Amendment bars Doe's state law claims. We hold that Doe has failed to state a claim that comes within the scope of VAWA. Accordingly, her VAWA claim must be dismissed. There being no basis other than the VAWA claim for federal jurisdiction over the supplemental state law claims, the District Court is directed to dismiss those claims as well.

I.

Doe alleges that Father Hartz sexually assaulted her on December 3, 1994. Doe claims that when she arrived at St. Lawrence Church to sing during evening mass, Father Hartz "came up behind her, grabbed her with both of his hands and pulled her back into his body, held her tightly and kissed her neck." Appellants' App. at 2 (Complaint). Doe also alleges that later the same evening, Father Hartz "rubbed [her] back up and down with his hand" while she was "standing and talking with other parishioners." Id. at 2, 5. As a result, Doe claims she suffered severe emotional trauma. See id. at 3.

VAWA establishes a "right to be free from crimes of violence motivated by gender." 42 U.S.C. § 13981(b). The Act creates a civil cause of action against "[a] person ... who commits a crime of violence motivated by gender and thus deprives another of the right." Id. § 13981(c). Thus, the civil claim is dependant upon a predicate offense--a crime of violence.

The predicate offense upon which Doe bases her VAWA claim is defined by Iowa Code section 709.15. Doe claims that Father Hartz's alleged sexual advances violated Iowa's criminal law against sexual exploitation by a counselor or therapist. See Iowa Code Ann. § 709.15 (West 1993). Iowa law prohibits a counselor or therapist who provides mental health services from engaging in any sexual conduct with a patient or client. See id.

II.

The defendants are appealing the District Court's order denying their motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). We review de novo a district court's denial of a motion to dismiss, viewing the allegations in the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Hafley v. Lohman, 90 F.3d 264, 266 (8th Cir.1996), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 1081, 137 L.Ed.2d 216 (1997). We will reverse the district court if it is clear that no relief could be granted even though the plaintiff could prove facts consistent with the allegations. See Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73, 104 S.Ct. 2229, 2232-33, 81 L.Ed.2d 59 (1984). Thus, only if there is some "insuperable bar to relief" will we reverse the District Court's denial of the motion to dismiss. See Bramlet v. Wilson, 495 F.2d 714, 716 (8th Cir.1974).

Defendants argue that the District Court should have granted their motion to dismiss based upon the First Amendment, the unconstitutionality of VAWA, and Doe's failure to state a claim. A fundamental rule of judicial restraint requires us to consider nonconstitutional grounds for a decision prior to reaching any constitutional questions. See Jean v. Nelson, 472 U.S. 846, 854, 105 S.Ct. 2992, 2996-97, 86 L.Ed.2d 664 (1985). Accordingly, we will first consider whether Doe has stated a claim under VAWA. We reach the constitutional questions only if we determine Doe has properly stated a claim under the Act.

A.

To state a claim for a civil cause of action under VAWA, a plaintiff must allege that the defendant committed a predicate offense--a crime of violence. See 42 U.S.C. § 13981(c). Doe claims her complaint sufficiently alleges Father Hartz's sexual advances violated Iowa Code section 709.15. We disagree and therefore hold that she has failed to state a VAWA claim.

The Iowa statute in question prohibits "[s]exual exploitation by a counselor or therapist." Iowa Code Ann. § 709.15.1.f. A " '[c]ounselor or therapist' means a physician, psychologist ... member of the clergy, or any other person, whether or not licensed or registered by the state, who provides or purports to provide mental health services." Id. § 709.15.1.a. "Mental health service" is defined as "the treatment, assessment, or counseling of another person for a cognitive, behavioral, emotional, mental, or social dysfunction." Id. § 709.15.1.d.

Doe alleged in her complaint that Father Hartz "served as a counselor to [her]." Appellants' App. at 5 (Complaint). ² But even viewing the factual allegations in the light most favorable to Doe, we find she has failed to allege that Father Hartz was Doe's "counselor or therapist" within the meaning of the Iowa statute. Nothing in the complaint alleges that Doe received "mental health services" from Father Hartz, yet this is a requisite element of the Iowa Code's definition of "counselor or therapist." Iowa Code Ann. § 709.15.1.a. To adequately plead that she received mental health services, Doe was required to assert factual allegations that she received "treatment, assessment, or counseling" for a "dysfunction." Id. § 709.15.1.d. Doe's complaint contains no factual allegations suggesting that she received services from Father Hartz for any sort of dysfunction. Nor does the complaint allege that she was receiving the requisite services from Father Hartz at any time proximate to his alleged sexual advances. ³ Doe has not stated a claim under VAWA because she has failed to plead a violation of the Iowa statute, the predicate offense upon which she relies.

B.

Even if we assume arguendo that Doe has stated a claim under the Iowa statute, violation of that statute in the manner Doe has alleged does not constitute a felony, which is required under VAWA. To state a civil claim under the Act, a plaintiff must allege that a person committed a "crime of violence." 42 U.S.C. § 13981(c). VAWA defines a "crime of violence" as "an act or series of acts that would constitute a felony against the person ... and that would come within the meaning of State or Federal offenses described in section 16 of Title 18." Id. § 13981(d)(2)(A).

1. An act that would constitute a felony

The alleged sexual advances that Doe claims occurred would not constitute a felony. Doe reminds us that VAWA does not indicate whether the requisite "felony" should be determined according to state or federal law. Doe contends that "felony" under VAWA is satisfied when the act constitutes a felony under either. Without deciding whether Doe's contention is correct, we conclude that the alleged sexual conduct constitutes a felony under neither Iowa nor federal law.

Under the Iowa statute, a "pattern or practice or scheme of conduct" to engage in any sexual conduct with a patient or client is a class "D" felony. See Iowa Code Ann. §§ 709.15.1.f. (1), 709.15.2. Sexual conduct with a patient or client that is not part of a pattern, practice, or scheme is an aggravated misdemeanor under the Iowa code. See id. § 709.15.3. We believe the Iowa Supreme Court would hold that the two instances of sexual conduct alleged in the complaint, which happened on the same day and within about an hour of each other, do not constitute a pattern, practice, or scheme of conduct within the meaning of section 709.15. Therefore, even accepting Doe's allegations, the most serious violation Father Hartz allegedly committed under state law is an aggravated misdemeanor.

Doe argues that even an aggravated misdemeanor under Iowa law constitutes a felony under federal law. Under Iowa law, the maximum penalty for an aggravated misdemeanor is two years. See Iowa Code Ann. § 903.1.2 (West 1994 & Supp.1997). Under federal law, a federal offense is a felony if it is punishable by more than one year in prison. See 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)(5) (1994). Doe argues that "[b]ecause the terms of punishment may exceed one year, the predicate offense, although an aggravated misdemeanor under Iowa law, is a 'felony' under the federal construction." Appellees' Br. at 18. This argument fails, however, because the allegations made against Father Hartz would not violate federal criminal law and therefore could not be punishable as a felony under federal law.

Doe relies upon United States v. Haggerty, 85 F.3d 403, 406 (8th Cir.1996), wherein we concluded that for purposes of sentencing upon a federal conviction, a prior state drug conviction could be considered a felony. In Haggerty, we found that Haggerty's prior state drug conviction was a felony for federal sentencing purposes because the maximum term of imprisonment available under state law for the...