KING, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. After failing to stop at a checkpoint in Jefferson Davis County, John Cole attempted to evade law-enforcement officers before subsequently crashing into a trailer. Cole ran on foot into the nearby woods and shortly was detained. A search of the area produced $6,000 in cash, which the Mississippi Bureau of Narcotics (MBN) claimed was found in close proximity to controlled substances. The MBN sought forfeiture of the property, and Anthony Brown filed a petition to contest. Brown contended that he was an innocent owner of the cash and that forfeiture was therefore improper. We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals as to forfeiture and find that Brown's claim fails by default for lack of proof of an ownership interest in the property.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. The facts are taken directly from the Court of Appeals opinion:
On January 22, 2012, John Norman Cole was arrested after he failed to stop at a driver's license checkpoint that was being conducted by law enforcement officers at the intersection of Highway 84 and Clem Road in Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi. After a short police pursuit, Cole crashed his Toyota Camry into the rear of a trailer approximately five miles from the checkpoint. Cole fled the accident scene on foot, but was apprehended by Mississippi Highway Safety Patrol Trooper Stephen Smith some two hundred yards from the crash site. Upon apprehending Cole, Trooper Smith discovered a roll of money, secured by a rubber band, and a clear plastic bag containing a white powdery substance on the ground in the immediate area of Cole's arrest. It was later determined that the roll of money contained $6,000, and that the white powdery substance was cocaine. Trooper Smith then canvassed the area between the vehicle and the place where Cole was apprehended and found a plastic bag containing a green leafy substance, later determined to be marijuana. Due to the presence of the suspected narcotics and associated currency, MBN Agent Heather Sullivan was called to the scene. Pursuant to the provisions of the Uniform Controlled Substances Law, Agent Sullivan seized the currency and MBN sought forfeiture of the currency.
On July 10, 2012, [Anthony] Brown filed a petition to contest the forfeiture of the currency, claiming an ownership interest in the currency and asserting that the currency was illegally seized by MBN. MBN filed a response and counterclaim for forfeiture. On January 2, 2013, MBN responded to Brown's discovery requests. In its responses, MBN identified Agent Sullivan and Keith McMahan, a forensic scientist with the Mississippi Crime Laboratory, as witnesses; stated that MBN did not anticipate designating an expert witness "at this time"; and produced a certified crime-lab report from the Mississippi Crime Laboratory signed by McMahan. The report reflected the results of a drug analysis conducted by McMahan, which confirmed that the substances seized from Cole were in fact illegal narcotics.
According to Brown, on January 14, 2013, the date of trial, MBN requested, and was granted, a continuance due to the unavailability of an expert witness. The trial was reset for February 4, 2013. On January 22, 2013,thirteen days before trial, MBN filed a notice designating Agent Sullivan and McMahan as expert witnesses. Trial was held on February 4, 2013. Brown objected to the expert testimony of Agent Sullivan and McMahan, asserting that the expert witnesses were not timely designated. The trial court overruled Brown's objection.
Brown testified that he owned the currency seized from Cole. Brown testified that the source of the currency was a settlement agreement reached with his employer for a back injury Brown sustained in 2009 while working in Vicksburg, Mississippi. In June 2012, Brown's employer's insurance carrier issued two settlement checks, totaling approximately $50,000 to Brown. The checks were issued by Bank of America. According to Brown, upon receiving the checks, he personally traveled from his home in Brookhaven, Mississippi, to the Bank of America branch in Pensacola, Florida, in order to cash the checks. Brown testified that, upon returning to Brookhaven, he kept the settlement money in a safe inside his home. Shortly thereafter, Brown traveled to Slidell, Louisiana, to purchase a vehicle that he found on the internet.
Brown testified that he found another vehicle, a Monte Carlo SS, on the internet for sale in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. After one telephone conversation with the owner of the Monte Carlo, Brown decided to purchase the vehicle without ever seeing the vehicle. On June 22, 2012, Brown gave Cole $6,000 so that Cole could travel to Hattiesburg to deliver the money to Brown's cousin so that the cousin could purchase the vehicle for him. However, Brown testified that after giving Cole the money, his cousin contacted him and told him that he inspected the vehicle, and advised Brown against the purchase. Brown claimed he then called Cole and told him to bring the money back to him. According to Brown, Cole was en route to Brookhaven to return the money when he was arrested.
Trooper Smith testified to his role in Cole's arrest and the recovery of the illegal narcotics and the currency. Agent Sullivan testified that, based on her training and experience, the currency, which was "rolled up in a ball in a rubber and . . . and located in close proximity to drug evidence," was "drug money." Agent Sullivan further testified that she interviewed Cole on two occasions following his arrest and, on both occasions, Cole denied having any knowledge about the money. Finally, McMahan testified to the findings of the drug analysis he performed on the evidence recovered from Cole. McMahan testified that submission one contained 1.7 grams of marijuana and that submission two contained 21.4 grams of cocaine.
At the conclusion of trial, the trial court entered an order of forfeiture, finding that MBN had proved, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the currency in question was used, or intended for use, in violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Law and that Brown's assertion that he was an innocent owner of the currency lacked credibility. Brown filed a motion for a judgmentnotwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, a new trial, which the trial court denied by an order entered May 11, 2013. Brown appeals, raising the following issues: (1) whether the trial court abused its discretion by permitting the testimony of untimely designated expert witnesses; (2) whether the verdict was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.
Six Thousand Dollars v. State ex rel. Mississippi Bureau of Narcotics, 2014 WL 4814873, No. 2013-CA-01034-COA (Miss. Ct. App. Sept. 30, 2014). The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court and held that the lower court did not abuse its discretion in permitting Agent Sullivan and McMahan to testify. The Court of Appeals also held that the trial court did not err in determining that the currency was in close proximity to controlled substances and that Brown had failed to rebut the presumption that the currency was subject to forfeiture.
¶3. Brown filed a petition for writ of certiorari, raising two issues:
I. Whether the Court of Appeals erred in finding the verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of the evidence; and
II. Whether the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the trial court's decision to permit expert testimony.
ANALYSIS
¶4. "The appropriate standard of review in forfeiture cases is the familiar substantial evidence/clearly erroneous test. This Court will not disturb a circuit court's findings unless it has applied an erroneous legal standard to decide the question of fact." Galloway v. City of New Albany, 735 So. 2d 407, 410 (Miss. 1999) (citations omitted).
¶5. Under the forfeiture statute, "[a]ll monies, coin and currency found in close proximity to forfeitable controlled substances . . . are presumed to be forfeitable under this paragraph; the burden of proof is upon claimants of the property to rebut this presumption." Miss. Code Ann. 41-29-153(a)(7) (Rev. 2013). The Legislature provided for an innocent-owner exception to subsection (a)(7), which states that property under subsection (a)(7) shall not be forfeited if an owner has no knowledge of the act committed.1 Brown contested the forfeiture of $6,000 under the innocent-owner exception, claiming that the money was seized illegally by the MBN.
¶6. The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court and reasoned that Brown had failed to establish a prima facie case that he possessed an ownership interest in the property. It is clear that, under the innocent-owner exception to the forfeiture statute, the third party contesting forfeiture must first prove an ownership interest in the seized property. In the majority of cases contesting forfeiture under this exception, ownership of the property, or an ownership interest in the property, is clear through title, deed, or possession. Here, Brown claims ownership of currency that was seized from a location where he was not present. Brown argues that no evidence was put forth that the seized currency did not belong to him, yet it is Brown's burden to prove an ownership interest in the property. Brown testified that he found on the internet a car for sale in Hattiesburg that...
