Dunn v. Jack Walker's Audio Visual Center

• Decision Date: 10 May 1989
• Docket Number: No. 58311,58311
• Citation: 544 So.2d 829
• Parties: Felix Henry DUNN 1 v. JACK WALKER'S AUDIO VISUAL CENTER, a Mississippi Corporation.
• Court: Mississippi Supreme Court

Page 829

544 So.2d 829

Felix Henry DUNN ¹ v. JACK WALKER'S AUDIO VISUAL CENTER, a Mississippi Corporation.

No. 58311.

Supreme Court of Mississippi.

May 10, 1989.

Ben F. Galloway and Owen, Galloway & Clark, Gulfport, for appellant.

James N. Compton and Compton, Crowell & Hewitt, Biloxi, for appellee.

En Banc.

ROBERTSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

I.

Today's plaintiff/appellant, for whom the jury found on liability, assigns error in the Circuit Court's refusal to direct a verdict for him on that very same issue. Because the jury was left to grapple with the issue of liability when it should not have been, the $7,500.00 damage award given plaintiff should be regarded as the product of a "confused jury" and a "compromise verdict", or so the argument goes.

Our review convinces us that the error, if any, in refusal to direct a verdict for plaintiff on liability was rendered harmless, as on the evidence before it, the jury's damages award was not unreasonably low. We affirm.

II.

On January 24, 1985, Dr. Felix Henry Dunn was driving his Mercedes-Benz in an easterly direction along U.S. Highway 90 in Biloxi, Mississippi, when, without warning, he was struck from the rear by an Isuzu pickup driven by an employee of Jack Walker's Audio Visual Center, a Mississippi corporation. Three months later, Dunn commenced this civil action when he filed his complaint in the Circuit Court of Harrison County, Mississippi, naming the Walker corporation as defendant.

On December 16, 1985, Plaintiff Dunn moved for partial summary judgment on the issue of liability. In due course, on April 7, 1986, the Circuit Court entered an order granting Dunn's motion on the issue of Walker's negligence only, then directing that "this matter shall proceed to trial on the issues of proximate cause and entitlement to damages, if any."

The Circuit Court called the case for trial on January 21, 1987. At the conclusion of the trial, Dunn requested that the Court direct a verdict in his favor and against Walker on the issue of liability. See Rule 50(a), Miss.R.Civ.P. ² The Court denied the request and submitted all issues to the jury. ³ Indeed, it appears that the jury was never fully advised of the partial summary judgment granted Dunn on the issue of Walker's negligence. ⁴ In due course, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Plaintiff Dunn and assessed "his damages at $7,500.00," upon which final judgment has been entered. Plaintiff timely moved for an additur or, in the alternative, a new trial on the question of damages. On February 13, 1987, the Circuit Court denied this motion. The present appeal has followed.

III.

A.

Plaintiff Dunn charges error in the Court's denial of his motion for an additur or, in the alternative, a new trial on damages only. We assume, without deciding, that on the evidence Plaintiff Dunn was entitled to have the Court direct a verdict in his favor on the issue of liability. The evidence reflects a rear end accident. Plaintiff Dunn was struck from the rear by an Isuzu pickup truck driven by an employee of Jack Walker's Audio Visual Center. There is no suggestion that Dunn was contributorily negligent or that the accident resulted from any cause not attributable to Walker. Our question becomes whether the failure of the Circuit Court to direct a verdict on liability may be grounds for reversal where the jury has in fact found for plaintiff on the issue of liability.

A host of closely related points appear in our cases. Where at trial--over the objection of the party later taking the appeal--the court erroneously instructs the jury on a liability issue, we have in a variety of contexts held the error harmless where on that issue the jury nevertheless found for the appealing party. Illinois Central Railroad Company v. Paxton, 187 Miss. 858, 865, 193 So. 915, 917 (1940); Dicus v. Republic Paint & Varnish Works, 128 Miss. 189, 192, 90 So. 729, 730 (1922); Hoover Commercial Co. v. Humphrey, 107 Miss. 810, 820-21, 66 So. 214, 216 (1914). Closer to the mark are our cases where on the evidence a party was entitled to a directed verdict but didn't get one. Where the jury found for that party anyway, errors in jury instructions on liability are deemed harmless, moot or immaterial. See, e.g., Griffin v. Gladden, 197 So.2d 891, 894 (Miss.1967); Wallace v. J.C. Penney Co., 236 Miss. 367, 373-74, 109 So.2d 876, 878 (1959); Horton v. Jones, 208 Miss. 257, 263, 44 So.2d 397, 400 (1950). The common rationale undergirding the holdings of these cases is that the jury verdict on the point at issue gave the appealing party the most favorable result he could have received had the trial court handled the point correctly.

Two cases within the principle that controls this appeal are of note. McLeod v. Whitten, 413 So.2d 1020, 1023-24 (Miss.1982); Wallace v. J.C. Penney Co., 236 Miss. 367, 373-74, 109 So.2d 876, 878 (1959). Both are personal injury actions in which the trial court erroneously submitted to the jury assumption of risk instructions. In each the jury found for the defendant, and the plaintiff appealed, arguing that the bad instruction in part confused the jury and produced the adverse verdict. In each case the Court found error in the granting of the assumption of risk instruction and then held the error harmless. In McLeod, the Court noted that the jury expressly found the defendant "not guilty of negligence," precluding the notion that the erroneous assumption of risk instruction had any legally cognizable effect. In Wallace, the Court held the defendant not negligent as a matter of law and thus entitled to a directed verdict on liability in any event, again rendering harmless any error in granting the assumption of risk instruction.

Dunn's argument on appeal is that the refusal of the Circuit Court to direct a verdict for him on the issue of liability confused the jury and produced a compromise verdict, that is, one where the jury compromised between the issues of liability and amount of damages. ⁵ He falls into fallacy when he suggests that the possibility of a compromise verdict proves that one did in fact occur. That a jury's verdict was far more modest than a plaintiff's immodest view of his damages hardly suggests that the jury was confused.

Boyd v. Smith, 390 So.2d 994 (Miss.1980) arguably supports Dunn's appeal. Properly read, Boyd remands for a new trial on damages only because no rational trier of fact could on the evidence have found plaintiff's damages were only $5,000.00. Boyd, 390 So.2d at 999-1000. Beyond that, Boyd appears a bit outside the mainstream of our case law noted above. On the other hand, Scott v. K-B Photo Service, Inc., 260 So.2d 842 (Miss.1972) superficially supports affirmance. In a wrongful death action the jury found for plaintiff for $6718.00. Plaintiff appealed, arguing that the damage award was inadequate and specifically assigned as error the trial court's refusal to direct a verdict for plaintiff on liability. On concededly distinguishable facts, Scott holds the point moot in that the jury found for plaintiff on liability anyway. The law in these cases requires that we consider well the evidence on causation and damages.

B.

Felix Henry Dunn is a resident of Gulfport, Mississippi, who at the time of trial was sixty-seven years of age. He has been engaged in the active practice of medicine in the Gulfport area since 1953. Dr. Dunn is what is commonly referred to as a family practitioner. In his complaint, Dunn claimed $150,000.00 in actual and compensatory damages. At trial, he offered evidence that he had probably suffered a herniated disc at the seventh cervical nerve root, that he had experienced pain and suffering, that he had incurred some $771.03 in medical bills and that he had experienced loss of income between $15,000.00 and $16,000.00. The disc suggestion came from Dr. Harry A. Danielson, a neurosurgeon, who saw Dunn but once--on August 19, 1986, almost nineteen months post-accident, and who opined without benefit of x-rays, myelography or a C.A.T. scan.

The defense hotly disputed this evidence, urging, first and foremost, that Dunn's pain and disability were related to advanced arthritis which he had suffered for approximately fifteen years prior to the accident. Dr. Dunn first sought no medical care or treatment the day of the accident. The next morning, January 25, 1985, he went to the emergency room at Memorial Hospital in Gulfport and was seen by Dr. Sydney A. Smith, a neurologist. Dr. Smith did not regard Dr. Dunn as seriously injured, suggesting that he lay off work "for a few days and get some physical therapy and get up to snuff and then go back to work." Dr. Smith saw Plaintiff Dunn six weeks later and found him in pain but attributed that to preexisting osteoarthritis and not the accident.

Defense evidence reflected that Dr. Dunn's income stream in the year following the accident actually increased over its pre-accident level. The defense reasonably interprets the testimony of Dr. Danielson to mean that there was really nothing to limit the functional capabilities of Dr. Dunn after the accident.

There is no question but that our law condemns compromise verdicts. See Vicksburg Chemical Co. v. Thornell, 355 So.2d 299, 302 (Miss.1978). Before we will disturb a verdict on that ground, however, the complaining party must establish that the verdict was indeed a compromise verdict. See Index Drilling Co. v. Williams, 242 Miss. 775, 137 So.2d 525, 530 (1962); Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. v. Owen, 122 Miss. 14, 84 So. 133 (1920). It is within our judicial knowledge that parties concerned about the point often request that the jury be instructed that it may not compromise between the question of liability and damage. See, e.g., Whittley v. City of Meridian, 530 So.2d 1341, 1345 (Miss.1988). Plaintiff Dunn requested no such instruction at trial.

Dunn calls our attention to Griffin v. Fletcher, 362 So.2d 594 (Miss.1978) and Moak v. Black, 230 Miss. 337, 92 So.2d 845 (1957)...