Eche v. Holder

• Decision Date: 11 September 2012
• Docket Number: No. 10–17652.,10–17652.
• Citation: 694 F.3d 1026
• Parties: Peter ECHE, Ph. D.; Perry Po–Sheung Lo, Plaintiffs–Appellants, v. Eric H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General; Janet A. Napolitano, Secretary, Department of Homeland Security; David Gulick, USCIS District Director; Walter L. Haith, USCIS District 26 Field Office Director; Susan Teruya, USCIS Immigration Officer, Defendants–Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

694 F.3d 1026

2012 Daily Journal D.A.R. 12,786

Peter ECHE, Ph. D.; Perry Po–Sheung Lo, Plaintiffs–Appellants,

v.Eric H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General; Janet A. Napolitano, Secretary, Department of Homeland Security; David Gulick, USCIS District Director; Walter L. Haith, USCIS District 26 Field Office Director; Susan Teruya, USCIS Immigration Officer, Defendants–Appellees.

No. 10–17652.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted June 12, 2012.

Filed Sept. 11, 2012.

Michael A. Brodsky, Capitola, CA, for Plaintiffs–Appellants Peter Eche, et al.

Samuel P. Go, Washington, D.C., for Defendants–Appellees Eric H. Holder, Attorney General, et al.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of the Northern Mariana Islands, Philip M. Pro, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. 1:10–cv–00013.

Before: MARY M. SCHROEDER, CONSUELO M. CALLAHAN, and N. RANDY SMITH, Circuit Judges.

OPINION

SCHROEDER, Circuit Judge:

Lawful permanent residents of the United States (LPRs) who apply for naturalization as United States citizens must show, inter alia, that they have resided in the United States continuously for five years. See8 U.S.C. § 1427(a)(1); 8 C.F.R. § 316.2(a)(3)-(4). Each of the two Plaintiffs–Appellants in this case had resided for several years in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a territory of the United States, when federal immigration law replaced CNMI immigration law there in 2009. The issue we must decide in this appeal is whether the time plaintiffs resided in the CNMI before the 2009 transition date counts toward the five-year residence requirement for naturalization. The district court held in a published decision that the time does not count. Eche v. Holder, 742 F.Supp.2d 1136, 1141–45 (D.N.M.I.2011). That is the correct answer under the clear language of the controlling statute, and we affirm.

STATUTORY BACKGROUND

When Congress in 1976 approved the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States (Covenant), citizens of the CNMI became citizens of the United States. See Covenant, Pub.L. No. 94–241, § 301, 90 Stat. 263, 265–66. The CNMI government, however, retained nearly exclusive control over immigration to the territory. See id. § 503(a), 90 Stat. at 268. Over time, the CNMI government permitted a massive influx of temporary “guest workers” from Asia to work in the territory's factories, which were devoted principally to textile and clothing manufacture. See Sagana v. Tenorio, 384 F.3d 731, 734–35 (9th Cir.2004). While CNMI law authorized the guest workers' presence, United States law did not extend the workers any federal immigration status. See id. Thus LPRs of the United States could not count time spent living in the CNMI toward federal naturalization requirements unless they had a US-citizen immediate relative also living in the CNMI. See Covenant § 506(c), 90 Stat. at 269; see also General Counsel Opinion, No. 94–10, 1994 WL 1753115 at *4 (INS, Feb. 9, 1994).

In 2009 this situation changed when the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 (CNRA), Pub.L. No. 110–229, 122 Stat. 754 (2008), became effective. That statute and its implementing regulation made federal immigration law applicable to the CNMI beginning on November 28, 2009. See48 U.S.C. § 1806(a)(1); Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Island Transitional Worker Classification, 74 Fed.Reg. 55094 (Oct. 27, 2009). The CNRA divested territorial officials' authority to administer immigration law and policy, and gave the authority to officers of the United States government. See CNRA § 702, 122 Stat. at 854–55. The statute also made the CNMI part of the United States within the meaning of the Immigration and Nationality Act. See id., 122 Stat. at 866; 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(36), (a)(38). LPRs of the United States may therefore now count time they reside in the CNMI toward the residence requirement for naturalization as United States citizens. The plaintiffs in this case, however, wish to count time they lived in the CNMI before the transition.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The Plaintiffs–Appellants are Peter Eche and Perry Po–Sheung Lo. Each became a permanent resident of the United States and each later moved to the CNMI before the CNRA transition date. Eche, a Nigerian citizen, entered the United States at Seattle and was admitted as an LPR in September 2004 as the immediate family member of his United States citizen father. He moved to the CNMI in January 2005, and his father apparently remained in the continental United States. Lo, a Chinese citizen, was admitted as an LPR in February 1989 as the immediate family member of his United States citizen sister. He lived in the CNMI between October 2000 and 2009 with no citizen immediate family member.

Both Eche and Lo filed applications in the CNMI to naturalize as United States citizens and appeared for examination in late 2009. The United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) rejected both applications on the ground that their pre-transition date residence did not count. The agency said that if the LPRs had no US-citizen immediate relative also living in the CNMI, the residence before the November 28, 2009 transition date “cannot be counted as residence in the United States for naturalization purposes.”

Eche and Lo together then filed this suit pro se in the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands. The district court treated the action as one to review the agency's denial of plaintiffs' naturalization applications, so the court exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1447(a). It held on the merits that CNRA did not permit the plaintiffs to count toward the requirements for naturalization the time they resided in the CNMI before CNRA's effective date. See Eche, 742 F.Supp.2d at 1141–45. The court therefore granted summary judgment for the government.

Eche and Lo filed this timely appeal, and this court appointed pro bono counsel. All parties agree there are no material issues of fact and the critical issue is one of statutory interpretation.

The district court also held that Eche and Lo had exhausted administrative remedies. Eche and Lo had explored the possibilities for review of the denials, but were discouraged from filing formal appeals. Assuming the district court's conclusion was incorrect, there is no jurisdictional bar to our considering their appeal on the merits. This is because the statutory provision for review of the agency's denial of naturalization applications is permissive, rather than mandatory. It provides a denied applicant “after a hearing before an immigration officer ... may seek review of such denial before the United States district court.” 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c). That section does not contain the “sweeping and direct jurisdictional mandate” that the Supreme Court and we have required before concluding an exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional. Maronyan v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 658 F.3d 1038, 1040 (9th Cir.2011). The requirement is thus prudential, not jurisdictional. We exercise our discretion to decide Eche and Lo's appeal on the merits. Their case presents unusual circumstances: they were told repeatedly that they should not pursue an administrative appeal because it would be futile. The government is thus in no position to fault them for failing to appeal. See Laing v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 994, 1000–01 (9th Cir.2004) (failure to exhaust may be waived when “administrative appeal would be futile”).

THE STATUTORY MEANING

The relevant language of the CNRA was intended to clarify the legal effect of residenceand presence in the CNMI before the 2009 transition from CNMI immigration law to federal immigration law. Section 705 provides in pertinent part:

(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as specifically provided in this section or otherwise in this subtitle, this subtitle and the amendments made by this subtitle shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act.

(b) AMENDMENTS TO THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT.—The amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act made by this subtitle, and other provisions of this subtitle applying the immigration laws (as defined in section 101(a)(17) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(17))) to the Commonwealth, shall take effect on the transition program effective date described in section 6 of Public Law 94–241 (as added by section 702(a) [of CNRA] ), unless specifically provided otherwise in this subtitle.

(c) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle shall be construed to make any residence or presence in the Commonwealth before the transition program effective date described in section 6 of Public Law 94–241 (as added by section 702(a) [of CNRA] ) residence or presence in the United States, except that, for the purpose only of determining whether an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence (as defined in section 101(a)(20) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(20))) has abandoned or lost such status by reason of absence from the United States, such alien's presence in the Commonwealth before, on, or after the date of enactment of this Act shall be considered to be presence in the United States.

CNRA § 705, 122 Stat. at 867 (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 1806 note). The district court interpreted subsection (c) to mean that an LPR of the United States may not count pre-transition time in the CNMI toward the naturalization requirements, except for the limited purpose of determining abandonment, i.e., whether an LPR “loses his status ... by leaving the United States.” Eche, 742 F.Supp.2d at 1145. An LPR who lived in the CNMI before the transition date would not have abandoned LPR status, but could not count the time in the CNMI toward citizenship qualification. The court thus concluded that under the controlling plain language, Eche and Lo did not qualify for naturalization.

Eche and Lo's principal...