Ensley v. Grace

• Decision Date: 06 September 1966
• Docket Number: No. 7869,7869
• Parties: Robert J. ENSLEY, as next friend of Janet L. Ensley, a minor, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. W. R. GRACE and Maryland Casualty Company, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: New Mexico Supreme Court

Page 885

417 P.2d 885

76 N.M. 691

Robert J. ENSLEY, as next friend of Janet L. Ensley, a minor, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. W. R. GRACE and Maryland Casualty Company, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 7869.

Supreme Court of New Mexico.

Sept. 6, 1966.

[76 N.M. 692] T. K. Campbell, Las Cruces, for appellant.

J. D. Weir, J. R. Crouch, Las Cruces, for appellees.

OPINION

MOISE, Justice.

This is an appeal from a judgment entered at the conclusion of plaintiff's case, denying workmen's compensation to which appellant claims to be entitled by reason of the death of Thelma L. Ensley allegedly arising out of and in the course of her employment. The appellant is the thirteen-year-old daughter of decedent.

There is no real dispute as to the facts. When killed, Thelma L. Ensley was employed by W. R. Grace and Company as a bookkeeper. One Ike Rodgers was employed by the same company as manager of its Las Cruces store. Although Mrs. Ensley generally returned home from work at about 5:30 P.M., on the day of her death she did not. At about 6:00 P.M., Ike Rodgers was seen standing in his office behind a desk. Between 8:30 P.M. and 9:00 P.M., the bodies of both Mrs. Ensley and Mr. Rodgers were discovered in the office. On the day of the shooting, Mr. Rodgers had purchased a pistol. The court found that Mrs. Ensley had been killed by Mr. Rodgers who then took his own life. However, there was nothing to indicate why Mrs. Ensley had been shot. There was no evidence of any misconduct or any contact between Mrs. Ensley and Mr. Rodgers except in connection with their work. When the bodies were found some of Mrs. Ensley's work papers were spread out on her desk.

Based on these facts, the court found that the accident and death of Mrs. Ensley did not arise out of her employment, and that evidence was not produced to establish a causal connection between the death and the employment. These determinations are here attacked.

That the death occurred in the course of employment is conceded, but it is strenuously urged that it did not arise out of the employment. Our statute, § 59--10--13.3, subd. A, N.M.S.A.1953, provides that, 'claims for workmen's compensation shall be allowed only: (1) when the workman has sustained an accidental injury arising out of, and in the course of his employment; * * *.' Concerning these terms and their application, we said in Berry v. J. C. Penney Co., 74 N.M. 484, 394 P.2d 996:

'Our workmen's compensation statute requires as a condition to a compensable injury that it arise out of and in the course of the employment. The two parts of the phrase must be separately interpreted. Any accident arising 'while at work' is one 'in the course of the employment.' The terms are synonymous. McKinney v. Dorlac, 48 N.M. 149, 146 P.2d 867; Wilson v. Rowan Drilling Co., 55 N.M. 81, 227 P.2d 365; Whitehurst v. Rainbo Baking Co., 70 N.M. 468, 374 P.2d 849. However, it is well established that under the express statutory language it is not enough that an injury 'arose in the course of employment.' It must 'arise out of' as well as 'in the course of' the employment. Barton v. Skelly Oil Co., 47 N.M. 127, 138 P.2d 263; Merrill v. Penasco Lumber Co., 27 N.M. 632, 204 P. 72, 74; Luvaul v. A. Ray Barker Motor Co., 72 N.M. 447, 384 P.2d 885. There must not only have been a causal connection between the employment and the accident, but the accident must result from a risk incident to the work itself.'

We note the statement that 'the accident must result from a risk incident to the work itself.' Does this mean that if a person is working at a placed where no guns or dangerous instrumentalities are present, injuries or death resulting from being shot or otherwise injured are not to be compensated because not arising out of a 'risk incident to the work itself'? In Walker v. Woldridge, 58 N.M. 183, 268 P.2d 579, the statement is made that for an injury to arise out of employment, it 'must be reasonably incident to the employment' or must 'flow therefrom as a natural consequence.'

Larson, in his work on Workmen's Compensation, Vol. 1, § 7.00, places 'risks' in three categories, viz., those associated with the employment, those personal to the claimant, and those having no particular employment or personal character, which he calls 'neutral.' He states accidental injuries in the first class are universally compensable. Houston v. Lovington Storage Company, 75 N.M. 60, 400 P.2d 476, is of this class. Injuries in the second category are universally noncompensable. Berry v. J. C. Penney Co., supra, and Luvaul v. A. Ray Barker Motor Company, 72 N.M. 447, 384 P.2d 885, are of this character. It is in connection with the third class that most controversy occurs and difficulties are presented. Whitehurst v. Rainbo Baking Company, 70 N.M. 468, 374 P.2d 849, is of this class. Larson states that, 'the view that the injury should be deemed to arise out of employment if the conditions of employment put claimant in a position to be injured by the neutral risk is gaining increased acceptance.' In § 7.30, he states:

'* * * Illustrations of this category may be drawn from a wide variety of controversial cases. A man hard at work in the middle of a factory yard may be hit by a stray bullet out of nowhere, bit by a mad dog, stabbed by a lunatic running amuck, struck by lightning, thrown down by a hurricance, kiled by an enemy bomb, injured by a piece of tin blown from someone's roof, shot by a child playing with an air rifle, murdered as a result of mistaken identity, felled by debris from distant explosion, or blinded by a flying beetle. Another kind of neutral-risk case is that in which the cause itself, or the character of the cause, is simply unknown. An employee may be found to have died on the job from unexplained causes, or he may suffer a slip or fall for no reason that anyone, including himself, can explain. An employee may be attacked by unknown persons, whose motives may have been personal or related to the employment.' (Emphasis added.)

Larson further states, in §§ 11.00 and 11.33:

' § 11.00 Assaults arise out of the employment either if the risk of assault is increased because of the nature or setting of the work, or if the reason for the assault was a quarrel having its origin in the work. * * * Assults by lunatics, drunks, and children have generally been found to arise out of the employment, and the same has been held by some courts in the case of unexplained or mistaken-identity assaults, although there is authority to the contrary.'

' § 11.33 Occasionally an assault occurs for which no explanation whatever appears, either because the assault was unwitnessed, or because, even with all the facts available, no one can figure out why the assault was committed. Nothing connects it with the victim privately; neither can it be shown to have had a specific employment origin. If the claimant is in fact exposed to that assault because he is discharging his duties at that time and place, there is no better reason here than in the unexplained-fall or-death cases to deny an award merely because claimant cannot positively show that the assault was motivated by something connected with the work. But the cases are more evenly divided on unexplained assaults than one unexplained falls or deaths.'

In our view of the instant case, we have a situation where decedent met her death by reason of an unexplained assault on her by her co-employee while she was at work at her usual place of employment. In the circumstances, and under the proof, we think the following language in Houston v....