Evans Products Co. v. Clinton Bldg. Supply, Inc.
| Decision Date | 04 April 1978 |
| Citation | 391 A.2d 157,174 Conn. 512 |
| Court | Connecticut Supreme Court |
| Parties | EVANS PRODUCTS COMPANY v. CLINTON BUILDING SUPPLY, INC., et al. |
Richard I. Sellman, East Hartford, with whom, on the brief, was Gerald R. Lublin, East Hartford, for the appellants (defendants).
M. Allan Peck, Hartford, with whom, on the brief, was William A. Rabinowitz, Hartford, for the appellee (plaintiff).
Before HOUSE, C. J., and LOISELLE, BOGDANSKI, LONGO and SPEZIALE, JJ.
This is an appeal from summary judgment in a contract action. The plaintiff, Evans Products Company, alleged in the first count of its complaint that the defendant Clinton Building Supply, Inc., hereinafter Clinton, had purchased items pursuant to an open credit account with the plaintiff and owed a balance of $18,737.36, including interest, and that despite repeated demands Clinton had refused to pay the balance due. The second count repleaded the first count and, in addition, alleged that the defendant First Hartford Realty Corporation, hereinafter Realty, had agreed in writing to guarantee payment of Clinton's indebtedness to the plaintiff in the event of Clinton's nonpayment, and that despite the plaintiff's demands Realty had refused to pay. In their answer the defendants admitted the purchase of supplies, denied that the plaintiff had demanded payment, and pleaded insufficient knowledge or information as to the amount of the debt and the existence of the guaranty agreement.
After the pleadings were closed, the plaintiff moved for summary judgment and submitted three supporting affidavits. The defendants, although granted a continuance, did not file opposing affidavits as required by Practice Book § 299. The trial court heard the parties and granted summary judgment against both defendants, awarding the plaintiff damages of $17,594.55 and costs. The defendants have appealed from the judgment, assigning error in the court's admission into evidence over objections by the defendants of two of the plaintiff's three affidavits.
The defendants do not dispute that the proof offered in the plaintiff's three affidavits was sufficient, if admissible, to entitle the plaintiff to summary judgment. The plaintiff's affidavits indicated that the amount of Clinton's debt was $17,594.55, plus interest, that Realty had guaranteed the debt, and that payment had been demanded from Clinton and Realty. The existence of the debt having been admitted by the defendants in their answer, no genuine issues of material fact were left. Rather, the defendants contend that two of the plaintiff's affidavits did not conform to Practice Book § 300, and that the plaintiff's remaining proof was insufficient to warrant summary judgment. Since we agree with the latter claim, we find it necessary to consider the former.
Practice Book § 300 provides in part that "(s)upporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein." The defendants urge that the plaintiff's "Affidavit of Debt," set forth in full below, 1 does not conform to these requirements, chiefly for failure to show personal knowledge. The better practice is to aver personal knowledge. See Dowling v. Kielak, 160 Conn. 14, 18, 273 A.2d 716.
The question presented here is whether the lack of such an averment necessarily disqualifies the affidavit. The affidavit states positively, and therefore is distinguishable from affidavits held inadmissible for being made on "information and belief" or the equivalent. See Automatic Radio Mfg. Co. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 339 U.S. 827, 831, 70 S.Ct. 894, 94 L.Ed. 1312; Applegate v. Top Associates, Inc., 425 F.2d 92, 96-97 (2d Cir.); Young v. Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co., 38 F.R.D. 416, 418 (E.D.Pa.). Nor does the affidavit on its face contain obviously inadmissible hearsay. See Alger v. United States, 252 F.2d 519, 521 (5th Cir.); Midland Engineering Co. v. John A. Hall Construction Co., 398 F.Supp. 981, 989 (N.D.Ind.); McColl v. Pataky, 160 Conn. 457, 460, 280 A.2d 146.
On the other hand, there is no affirmative showing of personal knowledge in the affidavit, such as a statement that the affiant is familiar with the Clinton account, or even that he is familiar with or controls the plaintiff's business records. While there is some authority for the proposition that a corporate officer presumptively has personal knowledge of the matters stated in an affidavit made on behalf of the corporation; United Bonding Ins. Co. v. Dura-Stress, Inc., 243 So.2d 244, 246 (Fla.App.); annot., 3 A.L.R. 132; 3 Am.Jur.2d, Affidavits, § 5; 2A C.J.S. Affidavits § 50; in our view the better rule is that followed by the federal courts: in summary judgment proceedings, affidavits made by corporate officers and other parties must aver or affirmatively show personal knowledge of the matters stated therein. See, e. g., Antonio v. Barnes, 464 F.2d 584, 585 (4th Cir.) (affidavits of assistant prison superintendents held inadmissible because they did not indicate personal knowledge of prisoner's circumstances); Cole v. Ross Coal Co., 150 F.Supp. 808, 810 (S.D.W.Va.) (affidavit from chief engineer for real estate trust admitted because it averred personal knowledge of the facts); Monroe v. Board of Education of Town of Wolcott, 65 F.R.D. 641, 648 (D.Conn.) (school superintendent's affidavit held inadmissible for no showing of personal knowledge of circumstances attending student's expulsion, but similar affidavit from principal admitted because of principal's judicially noticed responsibility for day-to-day school operations); Arkansas-Best Freight System, Inc. v. Youngblood, 61 F.R.D. 565, 569 (W.D.Ark.) (corporate officer's affidavit admitted because it showed familiarity with auditors' reports); Land Title Co. of Alabama v. State ex rel. Porter, 292 Ala. 691, 702, 299 So.2d 289 (concurring opinion of Heflin, C. J.) (corporate officer's affidavit criticized for reciting details of loan transactions without indicating that the statements were made on personal knowledge); 10 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2738, p. 685.
It is especially appropriate to hold an affidavit submitted by a...
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