Evans v. Medical Inter-Ins. Exchange, No. 03-CV-130, 03-CV-190.

• Decision Date: 19 August 2004
• Docket Number: No. 03-CV-130, 03-CV-190.
• Citation: 856 A.2d 609
• Parties: Angela EVANS, Appellant/Cross Appellee, v. MEDICAL INTER-INSURANCE EXCHANGE, Appellee Cross/Appellant.
• Court: D.C. Court of Appeals

856 A.2d 609

Angela EVANS, Appellant/Cross Appellee, v. MEDICAL INTER-INSURANCE EXCHANGE, Appellee Cross/Appellant.

No. 03-CV-130, 03-CV-190.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Argued April 5, 2004.

Decided August 19, 2004.

Joseph Cammarata, Washington, with whom Anthony Newman, Bethesda, MD., was on the brief, for appellant/cross-appellee.

Laura N. Steel, with whom David A. Seltzer, Washington, was on the brief, for appellee/cross-appellant.

Before WAGNER, Chief Judge, STEADMAN, Associate Judge, Retired,¹ and BELSON, Senior Judge.

BELSON, Senior J.

This appeal arises from a suit brought by a physician's former patient to require the physician's insurance carrier to pay her $3,000,000 of a $5,600,000 judgment that she had been awarded in a medical malpractice action against the physician. The trial court concluded that the insurance company's "claims-made" coverage did not extend to the patient's claim, granted the insurance company's motion for summary judgment, and denied the patient's cross motion for summary judgment. The patient appeals the grant of summary judgment, and the insurance company cross-appeals certain adverse rulings. We affirm the grant of summary judgment, and do not reach the insurance company's cross-appeal.

I.

On July 12, 1994, appellant Angela Evans underwent a bilateral reduction mamoplasty (breast reduction), performed by Ivens C. LeFlore, M.D. Dr. LeFlore informed Ms. Evans that the healing and follow-up after the procedure would take at least one year. Following the surgery, Ms. Evans, displeased with Dr. LeFlore's handling of the procedure, obtained three other opinions as to the nature and extent of the healing process. On July 25, 1994, she was seen by Clyde Litton, M.D.; on August 16, 1994, she was seen by Robert Dennis, M.D., who later performed follow-up surgery; and on December 14, 1994, she was seen by Macy Hall, M.D. In the meantime, on August 4, 1994, she informed Dr. LeFlore during an office visit that she would not return to his office, but would seek care from another physician. That was the last time she saw Dr. LeFlore.

The injuries sustained by Ms. Evans as a result of the initial surgery by Dr. LeFlore did not fully develop until about one year following the surgery and included excessive tissue gathered under the armpit, nipple misplacement, and keloid scars which had formed on the breasts. On May 24, 1996, Ms. Evans underwent reparative surgery performed by Dr. Dennis. This procedure resulted in further complications allegedly due to Dr. Dennis's improper use of steroids in his treatment of Ms. Evans.

On July 12, 1997, Ms. Evans filed a complaint against Dr. LeFlore and Dr. Dennis alleging negligence in performance of the surgery and the postoperative wound care and treatment. At the time, Dr. LeFlore was insured by Medical Inter-Insurance Exchange (MIIX) pursuant to a "claims-made" policy that covered the policy period May 1, 1997, through January 1, 1998, with a retroactive date of January 1, 1995.² Ms. Evans filed her claim against Dr. LeFlore within the policy period, on July 12, 1997, but MIIX took the position that Ms. Evans's injuries were the result of services rendered before the retroactive date on Dr. LeFlore's policy, and therefore refused to defend Dr. LeFlore or to pay any judgment obtained against him by Ms. Evans.

Thereafter, on April 26, 2000, a jury returned verdicts for Ms. Evans against Dr. LeFlore in the amount of $5,600,000, and against Dr. Dennis in the amount of $1,400,000, with interest from April 13, 2000, at six percent per annum.³ Dr. LeFlore did not appeal the resulting judgment in that amount. On February 20, 2001, Ms. Evans sought payment of the judgment from MIIX, which refused to pay it. Thereafter she filed the action against MIIX alleging breach of contract and seeking declaratory judgment. The judge granted summary judgment for MIIX and denied Ms. Evans's cross-motion for summary judgment as moot. The judge denied as moot MIIX's three other pending motions (motion in limine to exclude testimony and evidence not adduced at the malpractice trial, motion to strike expert testimony, and motion to supplement Super. Ct. Civ. R. 26(b)(4) statement).

Before us, appellant contends (1) that the court misinterpreted the clear, unambiguous language of the policy; (2) that her injuries did occur after the retroactive date in the policy and; (3) that, even if the court's interpretation of the policy was correct, evidence was presented as to Dr. LeFlore's failure to render services after the retroactive date. Finally, she contends that Dr. LeFlore's negligence was manifested in four separate "medical incidents," as they are defined by the policy, and that she, therefore, is entitled to $1,000,000 per incident, up to the $3,000,000 maximum amount recoverable under the policy, plus interest, attorneys' fees and costs. MIIX cross-appeals the trial court's denial of its motion to strike plaintiff's proposed insurance experts, motion in limine to limit testimony and evidence, and motion for leave to file a supplemental Rule 26(b)(4) statement. Unpersuaded by the arguments of Ms. Evans, we affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment and do not reach MIIX's cross-appeal.

II.

We review a grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment de novo to determine whether any genuine issue of material fact exists and whether the prevailing party was entitled to judgment as a matter or law. Herbin v. Hoeffel, 806 A.2d 186, 190 (D.C.2002); Ferrell v. Rosenbaum, 691 A.2d 641, 646 (D.C.1997). We review the record in the light most favorable to the appellant as the non-movant, drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor. Herbin, 806 A.2d at 191 (citing Ferrell, 691 A.2d at 646).

The primary issue in this case is how to interpret the coverage clause language included in Dr. LeFlore's "claims-made" policy. Ms. Evans concedes that it is her burden to establish that her claim falls within the coverage of the policy. Robinson v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 288 A.2d 236, 238 (D.C.1972); Group Hospitalization, Inc. v. Foley, 255 A.2d 499, 500-01 (D.C.1969). In order to determine what coverage the policy language creates, we first note certain relevant portions of the policy.

The policy sets forth that the "Policy Period" is "Effective from May 1, 1997 to January 1, 1998...." and that its "Retroactive Date" is "01/01/95." It sets forth the following in large type, all capitalized, across its front page near the top: "NOTICE: THIS POLICY DOES NOT PROVIDE COVERAGE FOR MEDICAL INCIDENTS THAT TAKE PLACE BEFORE THE RETROACTIVE DATE SHOWN ON THE DECLARATIONS PAGE."

That notice is followed directly by:

I. COVERAGE AGREEMENTS

The Exchange will pay on behalf of the insured all sums that the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of:

Coverage A—Individual Professional Liability

Injury arising out of the rendering of or failure to render, on or after the retroactive date, professional services by the individual insured, or by any person for whose acts or omissions such insured is legally responsible, except as a member of a partnership...."

Appellant focuses on the language of Coverage A, which expressly creates coverage for "injury arising out of the rendering of or failure to render, on or after the retroactive date, professional services by the individual insured...." She contends that the quoted language should be read to cover injuries that occurred on or after the retroactive date, rather than the services rendered or failed to be rendered after that date. We disagree. In interpreting a clause such as the one at issue, we find guidance in the "Rule of the Last Antecedent," which is that "`ordinarily, qualifying phrases are to be applied to the words or phrase immediately preceding them, and not to others more remote.'" Perkins v. District of Columbia Bd. of Zoning Adjustment, 813 A.2d 206, 209 n. 5 (D.C.2002) (quoting District of Columbia v. Smith, 329 A.2d 128, 130 (D.C.1974)).

While the rule is used most often to assist in statutory construction, we have used it in other contexts. In Perkins, for example, we used it to construe an occupancy permit. Id. at 211 et seq. The rule is not inflexible, and is not applied if the context in question suggests a different meaning. Id. (citing United States v. Pritchett, 152 U.S.App. D.C. 307, 311, 470 F.2d 455, 459 (1972)). But we find that is not the case here. We agree with the trial court that the language in question is not ambiguous, and find the trial court's reading of the provision straightforward and sensible. Application of the Rule of the Last Antecedent points us toward the conclusion that the phrase "on or after the retroactive date" modifies the immediately preceding words "rendering or failure to render" rather than "injury" as contended by Ms. Evans.

Further support for this reading of the coverage exists within the language of the policy. The "notice," quoted above, emphasizes that the policy does not provide coverage for medical incidents that took place before the retroactive date. The term "medical incidents" is defined in the policy to mean: "a single act or omission or a series of related acts or omissions in the rendering of or failure to render professional services to any one person." The "Limits of Liability" section of the policy states in part

(F) A medical incident shall be deemed to take place at the time of the first act or omission by any person in the rendering of or failure to render professional services to any person that: (I) gives rise to the claim or suit, and (ii) takes place during any period for which the insured was covered ....

Appellant's reading would create coverage for incidents that took place before the retroactive date if the injury did not fully develop until some time after that date or, arguably, if the injury was still being experienced after the retroactive date. Reading the language of the coverage clause, the notice...