Federated Title Insurers, Inc. v. Ward

• Decision Date: 11 January 1989
• Docket Number: No. 88-1044,88-1044
• Citation: 538 So.2d 890,14 Fla. L. Weekly 173
• Parties: 122 Lab.Cas. P 56,924, 14 Fla. L. Weekly 173, 14 Fla. L. Weekly 676 FEDERATED TITLE INSURERS, INC., and First Federated Savings Bank, Appellants, v. Howard WARD, Service Title Agency, Inc., and American Arbitration Association, Inc., Appellees.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 890

538 So.2d 890

122 Lab.Cas. P 56,924, 14 Fla. L. Weekly 173,

14 Fla. L. Weekly 676

FEDERATED TITLE INSURERS, INC., and First Federated Savings Bank, Appellants, v. Howard WARD, Service Title Agency, Inc., and American Arbitration Association, Inc., Appellees.

No. 88-1044.

District Court of Appeal of Florida Fourth District.

Jan. 11, 1989.

As Corrected on Denial of Rehearing March 15, 1989.

Joseph L. Ackerman, Jr., of Moore, Farmer, Menkhaus & Juran, P.A., Boca Raton, for appellants.

F. Pen Cosby, Miami, for appellee-Service Title Agency, Inc.

John Beranek, of Klein & Beranek, P.A., West Palm Beach, and Simons, Simons and Tobin, Fort Lauderdale, for appellee-Howard Ward.

PER CURIAM.

This is an appeal from a non-final order determining that the appellants must participate in arbitration proceedings. We reverse.

On July 20, 1984, Howard Ward entered into an employment agreement with Service Title Agency Inc., which provided that Mr. Ward would serve as the president of Service Title. On that same date, Mr. Ward entered into a shareholders agreement with the shareholders of Service Title. The shareholders were Federated Title Insurers Inc., Simon Bloom, and Howard Ward. In a letter dated July 20, 1984, First Federated Savings Association of Florida bound itself to all provisions of the shareholders agreement affecting Federated Title with the same force and effect as though it were a signatory and party to that agreement. Federated Title is a wholly owned subsidiary of Federated Financial Corporation which in turn is a wholly owned subsidiary of First Federated Savings Association of Florida. In July, 1986, Service Title terminated Ward's employment. Ward disputed his termination and demanded arbitration pursuant to his employment contract with Service Title. Ward sought to include the appellants in the proceedings and the American Arbitration Association (AAA) determined that the appellants were proper parties to Mr. Ward's arbitration demand. It was because of the AAA's determination that the appellants sought injunctive relief. ¹ In denying the request for injunctive relief, the trial court determined that the appellants were required to submit to arbitration because they were parties to the employment agreement by way of their involvement in the stockholder's agreement.

Arbitration provisions are personal covenants, usually binding only upon the parties to the covenant. For instance, in a contract where one party is a corporation, its successor in interest is not usually bound to its terms. Karlen v. Gulf and Western Industries, 336 So.2d 461 (Fla. 3d DCA 1976). Similarly, a parent corporation which is not a signatory party to an agreement is not bound by its arbitration provision. Steinberg/W.F.I. Industries Inc. v. D.C.M. and Associates, 522 So.2d 512 (Fla. 4th DCA 1988). Claims of various entities, even though interrelated, must ordinarily be treated separately. A parent corporation will not be held liable for the actions of its subsidiary unless the subsidiary is deemed to be a mere instrumentality of the parent. Unijax Inc. v. Factory Insurance Association, 328 So.2d 448 (Fla. 2d DCA 1976). For a subsidiary to be considered a mere instrumentality of a parent corporation, there must be: (1) control of the parent over the subsidiary "to the degree that it is a mere instrumentality." (2) parent committed fraud or wrongdoing through its subsidiary. (3) unjust loss or injury to a claimant, such as when the subsidiary is insolvent. Id. at 454. A mere instrumentality finding is rare. Id.

Unless it is found that Service Title was the mere instrumentality of the appellants, or that the two agreements constituted a contemporaneous transaction clearly indicating an intent to bind appellants, the appellants are not bound to the terms of the employment contract. See J.P. Stevens and Co. v. Harrell International, Inc., 299 So.2d 69 (Fla. 1st DCA 1974). Without these findings, the arbitration provisions of one contract cannot be extended to a separate contract. Callejas v. Keyes Co., 485 So.2d 6 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986); Eugene W. Kelsey and Son, Inc. v. Architectural Openings, 484 So.2d 610 (Fla. 5th DCA 1986).

There is simply no evidentiary basis to conclude that appellants are bound to the employment agreement under the theory of mere instrumentality. The court apparently found that the appellants would receive the assets of Service Title if it...