Feldman v. Bahn

• Decision Date: 09 March 1994
• Docket Number: No. 93-1908,93-1908
• Citation: 12 F.3d 730
• Parties: 88 Ed. Law Rep. 68 Marcus B. FELDMAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Art BAHN, et al., Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 730

12 F.3d 730

88 Ed. Law Rep. 68

Marcus B. FELDMAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Art BAHN, et al., Defendants-Appellants.

No. 93-1908.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

Argued Nov. 3, 1993.

Decided Dec. 29, 1993.

Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing

En Banc Denied March 9, 1994.

Timothy L. Stalnaker (argued), Dowell, Fisher, Harris & Stalnaker, Chesterfield, MO, for plaintiff-appellee.

John L. Gilbert (argued), Rodney W. Phillipe, Reed, Armstrong, Gorman, Coffey, Thomson, Gilbert & Mudge, Edwardsville, IL, for defendants-appellants.

Before WOOD, Jr., FLAUM, and EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judges.

EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge.

While serving as an assistant professor of mathematics at Southern Illinois University, Marcus B. Feldman accused a colleague of plagiarism. Chung Wu Ho, the chairman of the department, recommended that Feldman's contract not be renewed, and other officials in the University went along; meanwhile the object of Feldman's accusation received tenure. Feldman began this action under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 against everyone in sight: Ho, three members of a grievance committee that declined to overrule Ho's recommendation, the provost and president of the University, and the University's Board of Trustees (together with all of the Board's members). Feldman believes that Ho and the other defendants sacked him on account of speech protected by the first and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution. He asked for damages and reinstatement, with tenure. For current purposes we must assume that Ho made his recommendation because of Feldman's accusation rather than because of Feldman's scholarship and teaching.

All of the defendants asked the district court to terminate the damages portion of the case on the basis of qualified immunity. After entertaining oral argument, the district court denied the motion. Its full explanation is: "[T]he Court holds that the Plaintiff's pleadings are sufficient to state a cause of action and these Defendants are not entitled to qualified immunity on the facts pled." The court did not say why, and both parties tell us that the judge was no more forthcoming at the argument (which has not been transcribed). Both the parties and this court are entitled to explanations from district judges--the parties so that they may know how to conduct the remainder of the litigation, and this court so that it may know the basis of the district judge's decision. For an order rejecting a claim of qualified immunity is appealable, Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 524-30, 105 S.Ct. 2806, 2814-18, 86 L.Ed.2d 411 (1985), and the defendants have appealed. An order denying a claim of immunity is not listed in Circuit Rule 50, so we do not remand for a statement of reasons in compliance with that rule, Sims v. Lucas, 9 F.3d 1293 (7th Cir.1993), but we hope that district judges appreciate the need to explain themselves when entering appealable orders. See also, e.g., In re Shell Oil Co., 966 F.2d 1130 (7th Cir.1992); DiLeo v. Ernst & Young, 901 F.2d 624, 626 (7th Cir.1990).

Our first step is to dismiss a large chunk of the appeal. The collateral order doctrine elaborated in Mitchell permits an appeal by a person seeking qualified immunity which entails a "right not to be tried." Only five of the defendants (Ho, the three members of the grievance board, and President Lazerson) have been sued in their personal capacities. The rest have been sued in their official capacities only, to facilitate prospective relief should the district court conclude that Feldman is entitled to reinstatement. The complaint is explicit that only five defendants face personal liability. Cannon v. University of Health Sciences, 710 F.2d 351, 356 (7th Cir.1983), holds that Southern Illinois University is a state agency, so the eleventh amendment (more accurately, the doctrine of Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 10 S.Ct. 504, 33 L.Ed. 842 (1890)) bars an award of damages against the University itself. Because an official-capacity suit is effectively one against the institution, the official-capacity defendants share the University's imperviousness to damages. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-66, 105 S.Ct. 3099, 3104-05, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985); Lassiter v. Alabama A & M University, 3 F.3d 1482, 1484-85 (11th Cir.1993). These defendants therefore are not at personal risk. They do not need qualified immunity, and for that matter are not entitled to claim it. Owen v. Independence, 445 U.S. 622, 100 S.Ct. 1398, 63 L.Ed.2d 673 (1980) (governmental bodies are not entitled to qualified immunity from damages). Mitchell does not permit them to appeal from the denial of a motion they did not need to make in the first place, and their appeal is dismissed for want of jurisdiction.

Chairman Ho, President Lazerson, and the three members of the grievance board are entitled to appeal. Feldman contends that they are not entitled to immunity, because the principle that public employers may not retaliate for speech on a subject of public concern long predated their action. See Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968); Connick v. Meyers, 461 U.S. 138, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983); Rankin v. McPherson, 483 U.S. 378, 107 S.Ct. 2891, 97 L.Ed.2d 315 (1987), and similar cases. Defendants reply that no case has ever characterized, as a subject of public concern, one employee's accusations of another's misconduct, made wholly within an employer's administrative structure. They contend that the right Feldman asserted therefore has not been established with the necessary specificity. See Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987); Rakovich v. Wade, 850 F.2d 1180, 1207-14 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc); Greenberg v. Kmetko, 840 F.2d 467, 472-75 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc).

The principle that a public employee may not be discharged or disciplined for speech protected by the first amendment is qualified. Pickering announced that courts must strike a "balance between the interests of the [employee], as a citizen, in commenting upon matters of public concern and the interest of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees." 391 U.S. at 568, 88 S.Ct. at 1734. Cases since Pickering have emphasized that "[t]his balancing is necessary in order to accommodate the dual role of the public employer as a provider of public services and as a government entity operating under the constraints of the First Amendment.... [P]ublic employers are employers, concerned with the efficient function of their operations; review of every personnel decision made by a public employer could, in the long run, hamper the performance of public functions." Rankin, 483 U.S. at 384, 107 S.Ct. at 2896 (emphasis in original).

Teachers are acutely aware of both sides of the balance. They speak and write for a living and are eager to protect both public and private interests in freedom to stake out controversial positions. Yet they also evaluate speech for a living and are eager to protect both public and private interests in the ability to judge the speech of others and react adversely to some. They grade their students' papers and performance in class. They edit journals, which reject scholarly papers of poor quality. They evaluate their colleagues' academic writing, and they deny continuing employment to professors whose speech does not meet their institution's standards of quality. See Weinstein v. University of Illinois, 811 F.2d 1091 (7th Cir.1987). "The government" as an abstraction could not penalize any citizen for misunderstanding the views of Karl Marx or misrepresenting the political philosophy of James Madison, but a Department of Political Science can and should show such a person the door--and a public university may sack a professor of chemistry who insists on instructing his students in moral philosophy or publishes only romance novels. Every university evaluates and acts on the basis of speech by members of the faculty; indeed, Feldman proposed that Ho do just this on the basis of his colleague's speech. Lack of originality is a standard reason for denying tenure; Feldman accused his colleague of an extreme version of this defect. Feldman therefore does not deny that speech in a university may be the basis of adverse action; he believes, rather, that the penalty should have fallen on the accused colleague rather than himself. Yet an unsupported charge of plagiarism reflects poorly on the accuser; the first amendment does not ensure that a faculty member whose assessment of a colleague's work reveals bad judgment will escape the consequences of that revelation.

"Under the first amendment there is no such thing as a false idea." Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 339, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 41 L.Ed.2d 789 (1974); but cf. Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 17-18, 110 S.Ct. 2695, 2704-2706, 111 L.Ed.2d 1 (1990). Points of view, neither true nor false, struggle for acceptance. There is most certainly...