First Nat. Bank of Danville v. Reynolds

• Decision Date: 16 April 1986
• Docket Number: No. 4-285,4-285
• Citation: 491 N.E.2d 218
• Parties: The FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF DANVILLE, Indiana and M. Dale Palmer, Appellants (Defendants Below), v. George W. REYNOLDS, Appellee (Plaintiff Below), Henry M. Haase, John L. Munn, Paul Walthers, Russell Webb, Jr., and Eldon Ploetz, Appellees (Defendants Below). A 31.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 218

491 N.E.2d 218

The FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF DANVILLE, Indiana and M. Dale Palmer, Appellants (Defendants Below), v. George W. REYNOLDS, Appellee (Plaintiff Below) Henry M. Haase, John L. Munn, Paul Walthers, Russell Webb Jr., and Eldon Ploetz, Appellees (Defendants Below).

No. 4-285 A 31.

Court of Appeals of Indiana Fourth District.

April 16, 1986.

Rehearing Denied May 30, 1986.

David B. Hughes, Hughes & Hughes, Indianapolis, Robert M. Shaffer, Morrison, Robbins & Shaffer, Frankfort, for appellants.

Kent M. Frandsen, Parr, Richey, Obremskey & Morton, Lebanon, David A. Redmond, Frankfort, for appellees.

CONOVER, Judge.

This is an interlocutory appeal in which the First National Bank of Danville, Indiana, and M. Dale Palmer (collectively, the Bank) challenge the trial court's denial of their motion to dismiss the plaintiff's amended complaint.

We affirm

ISSUES

This interlocutory appeal presents the following issues:

1. whether section 24 of the National Bank Act (12 U.S.C. Sec. 24) voids a provision in a bank president's written employment contract guaranteeing payment of a stipulated sum should the president resign for cause specified in the contract, and

2. whether the complaint states a claim against Palmer for tortious interference with a contractual right.

Also, we raise a third issue sua sponte:

3. whether this is a frivolous interlocutory appeal warranting the imposition of damages, costs, and attorney fees against the Bank.

FACTS

Appellee George W. Reynolds's (Reynolds) amended complaint alleges the Bank employed him for a fixed period as its president under a written employment agreement. Concerning termination of his employment the contract read in part

Section 8. Termination. This agreement may be terminated by either party on ninety (90) days written notice to the other.... Provided, however, that in the event that during the term of this agreement twenty-five per cent (25%) or more of the ownership of Employer's institution shall be transferred during any twelve (12) month continuous period, then Employee shall have the option of terminating this agreement with compensation as hereinabove set forth.

Sections 3 and 4 provided a three year term of employment at $45,000 per year commencing in September, 1981, and terminating in September, 1984.

During the twelve month period immediately prior to July 21, 1983, more than 25% of the bank's corporate stock was transferred. On that date, Reynolds tendered his resignation in writing to the bank's board of directors effective 90 days thereafter, as provided in the contract. The board accepted his resignation by resolution and agreed to pay the compensation due him under the agreement, easily calculated to be $36,346.17 from the effective date of his resignation. However, the board of directors later rescinded its resolution to honor its contract with Reynolds in that regard.

The complaint further alleges, (a) Palmer, one of the Bank's major stockholders and a member of the board, knew of Reynolds's employment contract, but intentionally and wrongfully induced the bank to breach its contract with Reynolds, and (b) the bank is estopped from refusing to honor its promise to him regarding payment of damages upon his resignation for just cause.

Further facts as necessary appear in the later portions of this opinion.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

I.

National Bank Act Does Not Void Severance Pay Provisions on

President's Resignation

This interlocutory appeal questions the trial court's overruling of the Bank's motion to dismiss plaintiff's amended complaint. Because we accept the allegations of the complaint and the reasonable inferences arising therefrom as true in such cases, only questions of law concern us. Our standard of review here is the same as it is in summary judgment cases presenting only questions of law for review. Ind. & Mich. Elec. Co. v. Terre Haute Indus. (1984), Ind.App., 467 N.E.2d 37, 42; Brokus v. Brokus (1981), Ind.App., 420 N.E.2d 1242, 1245. We here determine only whether the trial court has correctly applied the law. Brokus, 420 N.E.2d at 1242-1243.

Initially, the Bank admits it understands the applicable standard of review in the trial court and here. It says

First National Bank and Palmer acknowledge at the outset that they are familiar with and understand the standard utilized by a trial court when deciding whether to grant or deny a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The essence of such standard is that, in a typical Trial Rule 12(B)(6) situation, a complaint is not subject to dismissal unless it appears to a certainty that the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief under any set of facts. State v. Rankin (1973), 260 Ind. 228, 294 N.E.2d 604, at 606. Further, in considering a motion to dismiss under Trial Rule 12(B)(6), the well-plead (sic) allegations of the complaint are taken as true and the plaintiff is entitled to all reasonable inferences which could be drawn therefrom. Gladis v. Melloh (1971), 149 Ind.App. 466, 273 N.E.2d 767. This Court applies essentially the same standard in deciding whether or not a trial court erred in ruling on a Trial Rule 12(B)(6) motion. (Emphasis ours).

(Appt's. Brief, pp. 19-20). After that admission, the Bank asserts the National Bank Act barred each and all of Reynolds's claims against the Bank, citing Section 24 of the National Bank Act, 12 U.S.C. p 24 as authority. That section provides in part

Upon duly making and filing articles of association and an organization certificate the [national banking] association shall become, as from the date of the execution of its organization certificate, a body corporate, and as such, and in the name designated in the organization certificate, it shall have power

* * *

Fifth. To elect or appoint directors, and by its board of directors to appoint a president, vice president, cashier, and other officers, define their duties, require bonds of them, and fix the penalty thereof, dismiss such officers or any of them at pleasure and appoint others to fill their places. (Emphasis supplied).

The Bank then cites seven cases in support of its assertion under

the rationale of the holdings construing Section 24 p Fifth, [the public policy of the Act] is simply that a national bank may not be burdened by a financial obligation to an officer for a fixed period which the bank does not wish to maintain. In order to be free of the obligation, the Act permits the board of directors of a national bank to dismiss any officer at its pleasure with impunity, regardless of any contrary provisions in the employment agreement. (Emphasis supplied).

(Appellant's Brief p. 24). The cases the Bank cites support the above emphasized portion of its contention, cf. Vanslyke v. Andrews (1920), 146 Minn. 316, 178 N.W. 959; Copeland v. Melrose National Bank (1930), 229 A.D. 311, 137 Misc.Rep. 86, 241 N.Y.S. 429; Kozlowsky v. Westminster National Bank (1970), 6 Cal.App.3d 593, 86 Cal.Rptr. 52; McGeehan v. Bank of New Hampshire, National Association (1983), 123 N.H. 83, 455 A.2d 1054; Kemper v. First National Bank in Newton (1981), 94 Ill.App.3d 169, 49 Ill.Dec. 799, 418 N.E.2d 819; Armano v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Boston 468 F.Supp. 674, S.D.Mass., (1979); Bollow v. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 650 F.2d 1093 (9th Cir., 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 948, 102 S.Ct. 1449, 71 L.Ed.2d 662, but these cases are silent as to the balance of the Bank's assertion. Because resignation with cause, not dismissal, is at issue here, these cases are not on point.

Then, in an apparent attempt to create a nexus between the cases it cites and the issue here, the Bank asserts

By the application of simple logic, such section of the National Bank Act also renders unenforceable, as against public policy, all "golden parachute" provisions in employment agreements which would purport to require a national bank to continue to pay salary to an officer after such officer has resigned, has been replaced, and the board of directors of the bank has chosen to terminate further salary payment. (Emphasis supplied).

(Appt's. Br., p. 24). However, the Bank does not demonstrate the "simple logic" it claims leads inevitably to that conclusion, nor does it cite cogent authority in support thereof.

The Bank's claim clause Fifth voids the contract provision here at issue simply melts away in the presence of overwhelming countervailing authority. In opposition to the Bank's claim, Reynolds cites Mitchell v. American Savings and Loan Ass'n. (App., 1979), 122 Ariz. 138, 593 P.2d 692. There, the court upheld an agreement for severance pay made by the Association's board of directors and a vice-president whose employment was terminable at the will of either party, if he would voluntarily resign and cooperate with his replacement during the transition period rather than be fired. When the Association later reneged, the former vice-president sued. The court in the teeth of an Arizona general rule declaring void as against public policy agreements in which bank officers accept pecuniary consideration in exchange for their resignations from office, said

[G]enerally an agreement for a corporate officer to resign his office for a pecuniary benefit to himself would be void. [Footnote citations omitted.] But it often happens that a blind and unreasoning application of a "general rule," in the absence of the circumstances it was intended to apply to, results in defeating rather than serving the interest of justice.... The proper function of rules is to serve the ends of justice. Conversely, where the circumstances are such that no such evil or any likelihood of it exists, the rule has no proper application. And this is true, a fortiori, where invocation of the rule would bring about an unjust and inequitable result.

Mitchell, 593 P.2d at 694. The court held because the officer in question was not deserting his office for his own gain but was acting only in...