Ford v. Summertree Lane Ltd. Liability Co., 01CA1146.

• Decision Date: 20 June 2002
• Docket Number: No. 01CA1146.,01CA1146.
• Citation: 56 P.3d 1206
• Parties: Vincent FORD and Sheelagh Ford, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. SUMMERTREE LANE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, Woodside Realty Co., Phil Shell, Van Wedgwood, Charles S. Ochsner, and Kenny Pulsiani, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: Colorado Court of Appeals

56 P.3d 1206

Vincent FORD and Sheelagh Ford, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. SUMMERTREE LANE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, Woodside Realty Co., Phil Shell, Van Wedgwood, Charles S. Ochsner, and Kenny Pulsiani, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 01CA1146.

Colorado Court of Appeals, Div. II.

June 20, 2002.

Certiorari Denied November 4, 2002.

Icenogle, Norton, Smith, Blieszner & Miller, Edward J. Blieszner, Sara Wagers-Johnson, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Holley, Albertson & Polk, P.C., Dennis B. Polk, Eric E. Torgersen, Golden, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellee Summertree Lane Limited Liability Company.

White & Steele, P.C., Glendon L. Laird, James M. Meseck, Denver, Colorado, for Defendants-Appellees Woodside Realty Co., Phil Shell, Van Wedgwood, Charles S. Ochsner, and Kenny Pulsiani.

Opinion by Judge JONES.

Plaintiffs, Vincent Ford and Sheelagh Ford, appeal the judgment dismissing their claims for fraud, nondisclosure and concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and promissory estoppel against defendants, Summertree Lane Limited Liability Company, Woodside Realty Co., Phil Shell, Van Wedgwood, Charles S. Ochsner, and Kenny Pulsiani. We vacate the judgment and remand.

The Fords purchased a residential building lot overlooking a lake created by a dam, and they constructed a new home there. The home is in the Summertree Lane subdivision, of which defendant Summertree Lane was the developer. Defendants Shell, Wedgwood, Ochsner, and Pulsiani were brokers in the sale of the property to the Fords and were employees of defendant Woodside. At the time of trial, some individual defendants were members of defendant Summertree Lane as well.

The Fords bought the lot because it featured views of the lake and was located adjacent to the water. Not long after the Fords occupied their home, the lake was drained. Upon investigation, the Fords learned that before their purchase of the property, government officials had issued warnings that the dam holding the water in the lake was deficient and either it would have to be replaced or the lake would have to be drained. Defendants did not provide this information to the Fords before their closing. Before initiating this action, but after the lake was drained, the Fords sold the property in question.

The Fords and other purchasers, who are not parties to this appeal, commenced a civil action alleging fraud, nondisclosure and concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and promissory estoppel arising from defendants' failures to disclose the unstable condition of the dam, even though defendants had marketed the lots as having lake views. The Fords sought, among other damages, the difference between their actual sales price and the price for which they could have sold their property had the lake not been drained.

In their motion for summary judgment, defendants argued that, when the Fords conveyed their interest in the real property, the deed also conveyed all claims for relief that the Fords had asserted. The trial court agreed with defendants and dismissed the Fords' claims.

The other purchasers claims were not dismissed, and the trial court stayed their claims pending this appeal. The buyers of the Fords' property are not parties to this action.

The Fords contend that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because a general warranty deed conveying a parcel of real property cannot inadvertently convey tort or contract claims that arise from the defendants' alleged misrepresentations in connection with the earlier purchase and sale of the real property. We agree.

Grants of summary judgment are reviewed de novo. Aspen Wilderness Workshop, Inc. v. Colorado Water Conservation Bd., 901 P.2d 1251 (Colo.1995). "[S]ummary judgment is a drastic remedy and should only be granted upon a clear showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact. The moving party has the burden of establishing that no triable issue exists and all doubts should be resolved in favor of the non-moving party. In addition, the non-moving party is entitled to all favorable inferences that may be drawn from the facts. A reviewing court must apply these same standards when determining whether summary judgment was proper." Smith v. Boyett, 908 P.2d 508, 514 (Colo.1995) (citations omitted).

The General Assembly has provided that "[a]ny person ... entitled to hold real estate, or any interest in real estate whatever, shall be authorized to convey the same to another ... by deed." Section 38-30-101, C.R.S.2001. A "conveyance" is a transfer of title to land by a deed. Stagecoach Prop. Owners Ass'n v. Young's Ranch, 658 P.2d 1378 (Colo.App.1982).

The general rules of construction for written instruments apply to the construction of deeds. Terry v. Salazar, 892 P.2d 391 (Colo.App.1994), aff'd, 911 P.2d 1086 (Colo.1996). It is generally conceded that a deed is to be construed most strongly against the grantor and most favorably to the grantee. "It is the language of the grantor, and the principle of self-preservation and self-interest are (sic) supposed to make him sufficiently careful not to prejudice his own interest." Brown v. State, 5 Colo. 496, 504 (1881).

The "paramount purpose in construing any deed is to ascertain the parties' intent." Notch Mountain Corp. v. Elliott, 898 P.2d 550, 557 (Colo.1995)(citing Percifield v. Rosa, 122 Colo. 167, 220 P.2d 546 (1950)). "In construing a deed, the preferred construction is that which renders all provisions of the instrument operative and effective and which carries out the intentions of the parties." Hornsilver Circle, Ltd. v. Trope, 904 P.2d 1353, 1357 (Colo.App.1995)(citing First Nat'l Bank v. Allard, 31 Colo.App. 391, 506 P.2d 405 (1972), aff'd, 182 Colo. 297, 513 P.2d 455 (1973)). Unambiguous deeds are construed using the plain language of the document, while "tak[ing] care to consider the entire deed, and not portions presented in isolated sentences and clauses." Notch Mountain Corp. v. Elliott, supra, 898 P.2d at 557.

Here, the deed states in pertinent part:

[G]rantor . . . has granted, bargained, sold and conveyed ... all the real property, together with improvements, if any, situate, lying and being in the County of Jefferson and State of Colorado, described as

follows: LOT 44, SUMMERTREE LANE, COUNTY OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF COLORADO.

. . . .

TOGETHER with all and singular hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto, reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues and profits thereof, and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim and demand whatsoever of the grantor, either in law or equity, of, in and to the above bargained premises, with the hereditaments and appurtenances.

The Fords argue that the trial court erred in determining that, by way of warranty deed, they conveyed their rights of action in tort and contract against defendants as well as their interests in the real property. We agree.

A "covenant of general warranty ... is a guarantee that the grantor is vested of an estate in fee simple with full power to convey, that the property is free of all encumbrances except as listed in the deed, and that the grantor will guarantee title and peaceful possession and will defend the grantee's title to the property." O'Brien v. Village Land Co., 794 P.2d 246, 251 (Colo. 1990); see § 38-30-113, C.R.S.2001.

The right to bring an action for damages, based in tort, is a "chose in action." 73 C.J.S. Property § 22 (1983); see Baker v. Young, 798 P.2d 889 (Colo.1990)

. A chose in action is personal property, not real property, 73 C.J.S. Property § 22 (1983), and is defined as, "[a] right to receive or recover a debt, or money, or damages for breach of contract, or for a tort connected with contract, but which cannot be enforced without action." City & County of Denver v. Jones, 85 Colo. 212, 214, 274 P. 924, 925 (1929). Thus, a "chose in action" is "a personal right not reduced into possession, but recoverable...