Fort v. Daley

• Decision Date: 07 August 1970
• Docket Number: 17737.,No. 17736,17736
• Citation: 431 F.2d 1128
• Parties: Jeff FORT et al., Petitioners-Appellants, v. Richard J. DALEY et al., Respondents-Appellees. Charles Edward BEY et al., Petitioners-Appellants, v. Richard J. DALEY et al., Respondents-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

431 F.2d 1128 (1970)

Jeff FORT et al., Petitioners-Appellants, v. Richard J. DALEY et al., Respondents-Appellees.

Charles Edward BEY et al., Petitioners-Appellants, v. Richard J. DALEY et al., Respondents-Appellees.

Nos. 17736, 17737.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

August 7, 1970.

Marshall Patner, Patner & Karaganis, Chicago, Ill., for petitioners-appellants.

Edward V. Hanrahan, State's Atty., Thomas E. Brannigan, Edmund Hatfield, Raymond F. Simon, Chicago, Ill., Richard L. Curry, Corporation Counsel of the City of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., for certain respondents-appellees; Marvin E. Aspen, Howard C. Goldman, Assistant Corporation Counsel, of counsel.

Before SWYGERT, Chief Judge, and CUMMINGS and PELL, Circuit Judges.

SWYGERT, Chief Judge.

Plaintiffs appeal from an order of the district court striking their motions to convene a three-judge court and for a temporary restraining order prohibiting enforcement of the Illinois Mob Action and Disorderly Conduct Statutes. The district court struck plaintiffs' motions pursuant to local Rule 13(b), solely because of the failure of plaintiffs to file briefs in support of their motions. Plaintiffs also appeal from a judgment entered by the district court granting defendants' motions to dismiss their complaints. We reverse the judgment entered below on the ground that the district court erred in striking plaintiffs' request for a three-judge court. We remand for further proceedings and decline to rule upon the grounds offered for dismissal of plaintiffs' complaints until the district court determines whether a three-judge court is required.

Plaintiffs are members of the "Black-stone Rangers" street gang, sometimes known as the "Black P Stone Nation". Defendant Richard J. Daley is Mayor of Chicago; defendant James Conlisk is Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department; defendant Edward Buckney is a police captain in charge of the Gang Intelligence Unit of the Chicago Police Department; defendant John S. Boyle is Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois; and defendant Edward V. Hanrahan is State's Attorney of Cook County, Illinois.

Plaintiffs, Jeff Fort and Charles Edward Bey, have filed separate but essentially identical class-action complaints. Count I of both complaints alleges that defendants Daley, Conlisk, and Buckney have conspired to suppress and chill plaintiffs' first amendment rights by prosecuting and threatening to prosecute them under the Illinois Mob Action and Disorderly Conduct Statutes.¹ Plaintiffs allege that prosecutions have been instituted only for the sake of harassment and intimidation, and that the statutes themselves are unconstitutionally vague and overbroad.² Count I seeks an injunction against further harassing prosecutions and Count II seeks a declaratory judgment that the statutes are unconstitutional.

Count III of the complaints attacks various practices of the Cook County Prosecutor's Office and the Circuit Court of Cook County. Thus plaintiffs charge defendant Hanrahan with abdication of his duty to review and screen complaints filed by the police and defendant Boyle with failure to require at least some evidence against suspects before allowing complaints to be filed. Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief against these practices.

Count IV of the Fort complaint seeks damages against all defendants for deprivation of plaintiffs' constitutional rights. Counts I and IV of the Bey complaint allege further unconstitutional police practices. They assert that plaintiffs were, in effect, held incommunica for over seven hours because of an inadequate reporting system and the Chicago police practice of moving defendants from one facility to another after they have been arrested and before they are charged. Plaintiffs claim that this practice violated their right to counsel. In addition to damages, they pray for an injunction requiring defendants to establish an adequate reporting system and more rapid procedures for setting bail and to cease the practice of transferring arrestees from facility to facility before they are formally charged.

I

We first consider the correctness of the district court's action in striking plaintiffs' motion for a three-judge court and a temporary restraining order. The court relied upon Rule 13(b) of the District Court for the Northern District of Illinois which provides as follows:

Rule 13. Hearing of Contested Matters

* * * * * *

(b) Failure to file a supporting or answering memorandum shall not be deemed to be a waiver of the motion or a withdrawal of opposition thereto, but the court on its own motion or that of a party may strike the motion or grant the same without further hearing. Failure to file a reply memorandum within the requisite time shall be deemed a waiver of the right to file.

In its opinion the court held that the failure of plaintiffs to file timely briefs in support of their motions was a sufficient reason, standing alone, for striking or denying plaintiffs' motions.

We think this view misconceives the purpose of Rule 13(b). The undoubted intent of the drafters was to expedite preliminary proceedings. This purpose is sufficiently accomplished by permitting the court to decide the merits of a preliminary motion without consideration of supporting reasons offered in a brief prepared by the movant. Indeed, if the more drastic sanction of outright denial of the motion were contemplated by Rule 13(b), serious questions would arise concerning the consistency of that rule with the liberal pleading policy of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Fortunately we need not consider these questions since the clear words of Rule 13(b) demonstrate that motions may only be denied on the merits. Thus, the rule expressly provides that failure to file briefs "is not a waiver of the motion." Therefore, by striking plaintiffs' motions without expressly relying upon reasons other than noncompliance with Rule 13(b), we hold the district court erred.

The defendants argue that we are empowered to correct the district court's error by independent consideration of whether a three-judge court should be convened in this case. The arguments advanced by defendants to support the denial of a three-judge court, raise difficult questions which have not been carefully briefed in this appeal.³ This consideration alone cautions against deciding questions upon which we are not compelled to rule. Furthermore we think that the provisions of the three-judge statute contemplate that the district judge should in the first instance determine whether a three-judge court is required. Therefore, in accordance with our power to refuse to rule on questions not decided by the district court, we remand this case for consideration of the merits of plaintiffs' request for a three-judge court.

II

Following its ruling on plaintiffs' preliminary motions, the district court dismissed plaintiffs' complaints on three grounds: (1) that plaintiffs' allegations in all counts were too conclusory to state a cause of action; (2) that the complaint against defendants Boyle and Hanrahan must be dismissed since those defendants were protected from suit by the doctrine of judicial immunity; and (3) that the doctrine of abstention should be applied to stay plaintiffs' action "pending the outcome of state court proceedings." Defendants argue that, regardless of the error committed by the district court in failing to rule on plaintiffs' application for a three-judge court, we should consider the propriety of the dismissal of plaintiffs' complaints and affirm the judgment entered below for the reasons stated by the district court.

We disagree.

Subsection 2284(5) of the Judicial Code provides that: "A single judge in a case in which three judges are required by 28 U.S.C. § 2281 shall not * * * dismiss the action, or enter a summary or final judgment." On this basis the Supreme Court has fashioned a rule which permits a single judge to determine only the "jurisdictional" question of whether a three-judge court is required and not to decide any questions concerning the "merits" of plaintiff's complaint. Thus in Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Corp. v. Epstein, 370 U.S. 713, 715, 82 S.Ct. 1294, 1296, 8 L.Ed.2d 794 (1962), in reversing a determination by a single judge that the court could abstain from hearing plaintiff's case, the Supreme Court noted: "When an application for a statutory three-judge court is addressed to a district court, the court's inquiry is appropriately limited to determining whether the constitutional question raised is substantial, whether the complaint at...