Friedman v. Ganassi

• Decision Date: 26 August 1988
• Docket Number: 88-3015,Nos. 88-3014,s. 88-3014
• Parties: , Fed. Sec. L. Rep. P 93,944 Milton FRIEDMAN v. Floyd R. GANASSI, G. Gray Garland, Jr., Stanley B. Scheinman, James W. Cooper, Laidlaw Adams & Peck, Inc., and the Ohio Company, the latter two defendants being sued individually and representatively on behalf of a class of defendants similarly situated, and Arthur Young & Co., partnership. Appeal of LAIDLAW ADAMS & PECK, INC. and The Ohio Company. Appeal of ARTHUR YOUNG & COMPANY.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

Page 207

853 F.2d 207

57 USLW 2109, Fed. Sec. L. Rep. P 93,944

Milton FRIEDMAN v. Floyd R. GANASSI, G. Gray Garland, Jr., Stanley B Scheinman, James W. Cooper, Laidlaw Adams & Peck, Inc., and the Ohio Company, the latter two defendants being sued individually and representatively on behalf of a class of defendants similarly situated, and Arthur Young & Co., partnership Appeal of LAIDLAW ADAMS & PECK, INC. and The Ohio Company Appeal of ARTHUR YOUNG & COMPANY.

Nos. 88-3014, 88-3015.

United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit.

Argued June 7, 1988.

Decided Aug. 1, 1988.

Rehearing and Rehearing In Banc Denied Aug. 26, 1988.

John Matson (argued), New York City, Paul A. Manion, Manion McDonough & Lucas, Pittsburgh, Pa., for Arthur Young & Co.

Dale Hershey, Larry K. Elliott, Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott, Pittsburgh, Pa., for Laidlaw Adams & Peck, Inc.

Richard A. Finberg (argued), Berger Kapetan Malakoff & Meyers, P.C., Pittsburgh, Pa., for appellee.

Before STAPLETON, GREENBERG, and HUNTER, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

STAPLETON, Circuit Judge.

This appeal presents the narrow question whether in suits brought under Sec. 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. Sec. 77k, the taxable costs specified in 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1920 are to be "allowed as of course to the prevailing party" under Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d) or whether they can be awarded only upon a finding under Sec. 11(e) of the Securities Act that the losing party's position was wholly without merit. Because we disagree with the district court's conclusion that Congress intended the Sec. 11(e) standard to control the recovery of taxable costs by a prevailing party in litigation under Sec. 11, we will reverse the order denying the defendants' motions for costs and remand for further proceedings in the district court.

I.

Plaintiff Milton Friedman brought suit on claims arising under Sec. 11 of the Securities Act on behalf of a class of purchasers of certain publicly-offered corporate debentures. The defendants included a number of underwriters, represented here by Laidlaw Adams & Peck and The Ohio Company, and the accounting firm of Arthur Young & Company. The jury rendered a verdict for the defendants, which Friedman unsuccessfully challenged on appeal to this court. See Friedman v. Ganassi, 829 F.2d 31 (3d Cir.1987) (affirming by judgment order). Having prevailed, the defendants moved for an award of taxable costs pursuant to Rule 54(d). ¹ The motions were denied. The district court held that Sec. 11(e) controls the awarding of taxable costs in Sec. 11 actions and allows a court to award such costs to a defendant only if the plaintiff's suit is wholly without merit. Since the court viewed the plaintiffs' Sec. 11 claims as "not entirely without merit," 674 F.Supp. 1165, 1166, ² it concluded that it was without discretion to make the requested award.

Defendants appeal from the order denying costs. We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291, and our review of this issue of law is plenary. Universal Minerals, Inc. v. C.A. Hughes & Co., 669 F.2d 98, 101-02 (3d Cir.1981).

II.

Section 11(e) provides in pertinent part:

In any suit under this or any other section of this subchapter, the court may, in its discretion, require an undertaking for the payment of the costs of such suit, including reasonable attorney's fees, and if judgment shall be rendered against a party litigant, upon the motion of the other party litigant, such costs may be assessed in favor of such party litigant (whether or not such undertaking has been required) if the court believes the suit or the defense to have been without merit, in an amount sufficient to reimburse him for the reasonable expenses incurred by him, in connection with such suit, such costs to be taxed in the manner usually provided for taxing of costs in the court in which the suit was heard.

15 U.S.C. Sec. 77k(e).

Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d) provides in pertinent part:

Except when express provision therefor is made either in a statute of the United States or in these rules, costs shall be allowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs....

Interpreting the above provisions, the district court took the following view:

Rule 54 expressly limits itself to those cases in which no federal statute applies. The cost provisions of Section 11 plainly apply to the instant case, so we will not apply the provisions of Rule 54. Any other result would render most of Section 11(e) totally ineffective. Section 11(e) applies to the "costs of such suit, including reasonable attorney's fees." Under an interpretation that Rule 54 and Section 11 are alternatives, Section 11 would always yield to the more lenient standards of Rule 54 with respect to costs. Thus, the main portion of Section 11(e) would be entirely superfluous. Consequently, we now hold that the court should not apply Rule 54(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to award costs when the movant does not meet the standards of Section 11(e) of the Securities Act of 1933.

674 F.Supp. at 1167. As the district court found, while the narrow issue presented by this case and resolved by this holding has not yet been explicitly addressed in a reported case, there are numerous cases that have "reach[ed] results which imply the adoption of one position or another." See, e.g., Aid Auto Stores, Inc. v. Cannon, 525 F.2d 468, 471 (2d Cir.1975) (affirming judgment of dismissal and award of costs, but reversing award of attorney's fees since suit was not entirely without merit); Katz v. Amos Treat & Co., 411 F.2d 1046, 1056 (2d Cir.1969) (affirming district court's denial of costs under Sec. 11(e) as a reasonable exercise of discretion); Can-Am Petroleum v. Beck, 331 F.2d 371, 374 (10th Cir.1964) (affirming judgment for plaintiffs but remanding for further consideration of the award under Sec. 11(e) of costs and attorney's fees); Homburger v. Venture Minerals, Inc., 1985-86 Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) p 92,205 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (denying prevailing party's motion for costs on the ground that the suit was not meritless); Driscoll v. Oppenheimer & Co., 500 F.Supp. 174, 175 (N.D.Ill.1980) (referring to Sec. 11(e) as applicable only to shifting of attorney's fees); McLish v. Harris Farms, Inc., 507 F.Supp. 1075, 1088 (E.D.Cal.1980) (holding neither attorney's fees nor costs recoverable because the prevailing defendant had not shown that plaintiff's suit was so meritless as to border on frivolity); Electro-Nucleonics, Inc. v. Oppenheimer, 1975-76 Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) p 95,269 (S.D.N.Y.1975) (denying attorney's fees as standards of Sec. 11(e) had not been met by movant, but allowing costs under Rule 54(d)). As these cases neither provide an analysis of the issue nor point to any single conclusion, we do not discuss or rely on them here, but like the district court, look to the wording of the provisions at issue and their respective purposes. In our view, the district court's reconciliation of Sec. 11(e) and Rule 54(d) is not dictated by the text of those provisions and ignores the objectives that each is intended to accomplish.

Rule 54(d) provides a standard to be applied by the district courts in awarding what are commonly referred to as taxable costs. Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., --- U.S. ----, 107 S.Ct. 2494, 96 L.Ed.2d 385 (1987). Those taxable costs are listed in 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1920. ³ They do not include such litigation expenses as attorney's fees and expert witness fees in excess of the standard daily witness fee. See Crawford Fitting, 107 S.Ct. at 2499. Rule 54(d) requires that such taxable costs be awarded to the prevailing party unless the court finds and articulates a reason why that party does not deserve such an award. Samuel v. University of Pittsburgh, 538 F.2d 991, 999 (3d Cir.1976); ADM Corp. v. Speedmaster Packaging Corp., 525 F.2d 662, 664-65 (3d Cir.1975). As we demonstrate hereafter, this "as of course" standard has never been applied in our jurisprudence to anything other than the narrow category of taxable costs.

The Rule 54(d) standard for allocating taxable costs is expressly subordinated to any statute or other Federal Rule of Civil Procedure that makes "provision" for a different standard for allocating the "costs" to which the Rule pertains, i.e. the taxable costs enumerated in 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1920. Section 1928 of Title 28, for example, provides that when a judgment is rendered for the plaintiff in a patent infringement action and the patentee, in his specifications, claimed to be, but was not, the original inventor, no costs can be included in such judgment unless a proper disclaimer was filed before suit was commenced. By virtue of the initial clause of Rule 54(d), Sec. 1928, rather than the Rule, governs in the described circumstances. ⁴

The district court read the initial clause of Rule 54(d) as having broader application than the Rule itself. Because of this reading, it erroneously concluded that Sec. 11(e) was the kind of "express provision" referred to in that clause. Section 11(e) is not such an "express provision" because it does not provide an alternative standard for awarding taxable costs. As is clear from its face, Sec. 11(e) provides a standard to be applied by district courts in determining whether to make an award that is not confined to taxable costs, namely an award of the "costs of [a Sec. 11] suit ... in an amount sufficient to reimburse [the prevailing party] for the reasonable expenses incurred by him, in connection with such suit," specifically "including reasonable attorney's fees."

Some additional context is helpful at this point. English courts have traditionally made awards to the prevailing party for two types of litigation expenses. The first, "costs between party and party," are litigation expenses incurred by order of the court to facilitate consideration of the case. The second, "costs as between solicitor and client," are expenses incurred merely to aid one ...