Fries v. Barnes

• Decision Date: 10 April 1980
• Docket Number: No. 705,D,705
• Citation: 618 F.2d 988
• Parties: Jeb S. FRIES, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Dr. James BARNES, Dr. Kang Foo Kim, John A. Kohler, Police Chief, Town of Hanover Police Department, and Unknown Employees of Lake Shore Intercommunity Hospital, Defendants-Appellees. ocket 79-2219.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Page 988

618 F.2d 988

Jeb S. FRIES, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Dr. James BARNES, Dr. Kang Foo Kim, John A. Kohler, Police Chief, Town of Hanover Police Department, and Unknown Employees of Lake Shore Intercommunity Hospital Defendants-Appellees.

No. 705, Docket 79-2219.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Argued Feb. 8, 1980.

Decided April 10, 1980.

Thomas J. Moloney, New York City, for plaintiff-appellant.

Morley C. Townsend, Buffalo, N. Y. (Townsend & Townsend, Buffalo, N. Y., of counsel), for defendant-appellee John A. Kohler.

Before WATERMAN and MANSFIELD, Circuit Judges, and WEINSTEIN, District Judge. ^*

MANSFIELD, Circuit Judge:

A district court is empowered by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d) to dismiss sua sponte a pro se civil rights complaint as frivolous on its face, Boag v. Boies, 455 F.2d 467 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 408 U.S. 926, 92 S.Ct. 2509, 33 L.Ed.2d 338 (1972); Urbano v. Sondern, 41 F.R.D. 355 (D.Conn.1966), aff'd, 370 F.2d 13, 14 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 1034, 87 S.Ct. 1485, 18 L.Ed.2d 596 (1967); United States ex rel. Masucci v. Follette, 272 F.Supp. 563 (S.D.N.Y.1967). Nevertheless, we have repeatedly cautioned against use of this procedure where the complaint, which must be construed liberally in favor of the pro se plaintiff, Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S.Ct. 594, 595, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972), alleges facts amounting to a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (as distinguished from mere conclusions), the adverse party has not been served, and we do not have the benefit of the defendants' answering papers. Lewis v. New York, 547 F.2d 4 (2d Cir. 1976); Cunningham v. Ward, 546 F.2d 481 (2d Cir. 1976); Burgin v. Henderson, 536 F.2d 501, 502 n.1 (2d Cir. 1976); Frankos v. LaVallee, 535 F.2d 1346, 1347 n.1 (2d Cir. 1976); Mawhinney v. Henderson, 542 F.2d 1, 2 n.1 (2d Cir. 1976). This is a good example of a case where sua sponte dismissal of such a complaint appears to have been premature, calling once again for restraint in the exercise of this power.

Jeb S. Fries, a state prisoner incarcerated at the Attica state correctional facility, appeals from an order of the District Court for the Western District of New York entered by Chief Judge John T. Curtin sua sponte dismissing Fries' action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as frivolous on the day it was filed and before any answer, motion or other response from the defendants. For the reasons indicated below, we reverse.

The complaint, which must be taken as true for present purposes, alleges that on April 18, 1975, Fries, accompanied by a friend, admitted himself to the emergency room of Lake Shore Intercommunity Hospital in Irving, New York, for treatment of a gunshot wound he had suffered in his thigh. Employees in the emergency room called the Hanover Police Department as required by N.Y. Penal Law § 265.25. ¹ Two officers arrived at the hospital where they questioned Fries until he lost consciousness, as a result of loss of blood or administration of drugs by hospital doctors.

While Fries was unconscious his wound was treated by defendants Barnes and Kim, a surgeon and anesthesiologist respectively, employed by the hospital. Without Fries' consent, Barnes, Kim and other unnamed hospital employees, turned over surgically-removed shotgun fragments, tissue and blood, as well as Fries' clothing and personal effects to the police at the request of defendant Kohler, Chief of the Town of Hanover Police. The complaint alleges that the defendants acted under color of state law, in violation of Fries' constitutional rights, and in concert, cooperation and conspiracy with each other. Fries was not arrested until the following day. Fries further alleges that the taking of the foregoing evidence amounted to an unreasonable search and seizure, taken under color of state law without any search warrant having been issued. Declaratory relief, compensation and punitive damages are sought.

Judge Curtin dismissed the complaint as frivolous on the grounds that "there is no indication that Drs. Barnes and Kim acted in any capacity other than that of private physicians . . . thus no indication that they were acting at any time under color of state law." "(T)here does not appear to have been a 'search and seizure,' " since Fries "voluntarily admitted himself for medical treatment," and there is no indication "that Drs. Barnes and Kim conspired with police officers to lure plaintiff to the hospital and thereby to remove his clothing and other effects to aid in a police investigation."

On this appeal Fries contends that his pro se complaint, construed liberally in his favor, states a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. We agree. It is beyond dispute that the complaint alleged the wrongful taking of Fries' blood, clothing and personal effects without his consent or any lawful authorization. The taking, as alleged, clearly amounted to a warrantless "search and seizure" if carried out at the instance of the police. The critical question is whether sufficient state action is alleged to invoke relief under § 1983. We hold that there is.

In Adickes v. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970), the Supreme Court held that a § 1983 claim may be proved by showing that a person acting under color of state law (in that case a city policeman) collaborated or conspired with a private person (there a lunch-counter waitress) to deprive the plaintiff of a constitutional right (in that case the right to receive equal treatment and service in a place of public accommodation), stating:

"The involvement of a state official in such a conspiracy plainly provides the state action essential to show a direct violation of petitioner's Fourteenth Amendment equal protection rights, whether or not the actions of the police were officially authorized, or lawful; Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167 (81 S.Ct. 473, 5 L.Ed.2d 492) (1961); see United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299, 326 (61 S.Ct. 1031, 85 L.Ed. 1368) (1941); Screws v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 107-111 (65 S.Ct. 1031, 89 L.Ed. 1495) (1945); Williams v. United States, 341 U.S. 97, 99-100 (71 S.Ct. 576, 95 L.Ed. 774) (1951). Moreover, a private party involved in such a conspiracy, even though not an official of the State, can be liable under § 1983. 'Private persons, jointly engaged...