Galiano ex rel. Kromer v. Fid. Nat'l Title Ins. Co.

• Decision Date: 03 July 2012
• Docket Number: Docket No. 10–4941–cv.
• Parties: Gerry GALIANO, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Gary Kromer, Joseph Ammirati, Michelle Ammirati, Susan M. Marotta, aka Susan Marotta, Peter Miley, Vincent Trulli, Martin Martinucci, aka Michael Martinucci, Stephen J. Phelan, aka Stephen Phelan, Plaintiffs–Appellants, v. FIDELITY NATIONAL TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY, aka Fidelity National Titles Insurance Company, Chicago Title Insurance Company, Ticor Title Insurance Company, Fidelity National Finance, Inc., First American Title Insurance Company of New York, United General Title Insurance Company, First American Corporation, Stewart Title Insurance Company, Defendants–Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

684 F.3d 309

Gerry GALIANO, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Gary Kromer, Joseph Ammirati, Michelle Ammirati, Susan M. Marotta, aka Susan Marotta, Peter Miley, Vincent Trulli, Martin Martinucci, aka Michael Martinucci, Stephen J. Phelan, aka Stephen Phelan, Plaintiffs–Appellants,

v.FIDELITY NATIONAL TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY, aka Fidelity National Titles Insurance Company, Chicago Title Insurance Company, Ticor Title Insurance Company, Fidelity National Finance, Inc., First American Title Insurance Company of New York, United General Title Insurance Company, First American Corporation, Stewart Title Insurance Company, Defendants–Appellees. ^*

Docket No. 10–4941–cv.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued: Oct. 17, 2011.

Decided: July 3, 2012.

Peter D. St. Phillip, Jr. (Barbara Hart, Vincent Briganti, Scott V. Papp, on the brief), Lowey Dannenberg Cohen & Hart, P.C., White Plains, NY, for Plaintiffs–Appellants Gerry Galiano, Gary Kromer, Monique Kromer, Joseph Ammirati, Michelle Ammirati, Susan Marotta, Peter Miley, Vincent Trulli, and Martin Martinucci.

Joseph S. Tusa, on the brief, Tusa, P.C., New York, NY, for Plaintiff–Appellant Vincent Trulli, Jr.

Anthonio Vozzolo, Kendall S. Zylstra, Peter Cohn, on the brief, Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs–Appellants Jonathan Dzedzy, Jaclyn Dzedzy, and Michael Martinucci.

Lee Squitieri, on the brief, Squitieri & Fearon, LLP, New York, NY, Edward A. Wallace, Kenneth A. Wexler, Amber M. Nesbitt, on the brief, Wexler Wallace, LLP, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff–Appellant Peter Miley.

Todd A. Seaver, Joseph J. Tabacco, Jr., on the brief, Berman DeValerio Pease Tabacco Burt & Pucillo, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff–Appellant Susan Marotta.

David J. Cohen, on the brief, Kolman Ely, P.C., Penndel, PA, for Plaintiff–Appellant Stephen J. Phelan.

Barry R. Ostrager (Kevin J. Arquit, Patrick T. Shilling, on the brief), Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants–Appellees Fidelity National Title Insurance Company, Chicago Title Insurance Company, Ticor Title Insurance Company, and Fidelity National Financial, Inc.

James I. Serota, Stephen L. Saxl, on the brief, Greenberg Traurig, LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants–Appellees The First American Corporation, First American Title Insurance Company of New York, and United General Title Insurance Company.

David M. Foster, Mark A. Robertson, on the brief, Fulbright & Jaworski L.L.P., Washington, DC, and New York, NY, for Defendant–Appellee Stewart Title Insurance Company.

Before: LYNCH, CHIN, and CARNEY, Circuit Judges.

CHIN, Circuit Judge:

In this putative class action, plaintiffs-appellants allege that defendants-appellees—title insurance companies—sold title insurance at improperly inflated rates as a result of illegal kickbacks in violation of the anti-kickback provision of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”). See RESPA § 8(a), 12 U.S.C. § 2607(a) (“§ 8(a)”). The district court (Platt, J.) dismissed the action. Plaintiffs appeal. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

1. Facts

The following facts are drawn from plaintiffs' first amended consolidated class action complaint of July 9, 2008 (the “Complaint”). We construe the Complaint liberally, accepting all factual allegations in the Complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiffs' favor. See Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir.2002).

Defendants are title insurance companies that sell title insurance policies to purchasers of commercial and residential real estate in New York. Title insurance premiums for New York residential properties generally range from approximately $1,800 to $3,700. For more expensive homes and commercial properties, New York title insurance rates can amount to tens of thousands of dollars. Plaintiffs purchased title insurance from, and paid title insurance premiums to, defendants in connection with their purchases of New York property.

Title insurance rates in New York are established and regulated by the New York Insurance Department (the “Insurance Department”). SeeN.Y. Ins. Law §§ 2305, 2306. The Insurance Department sets insurance rates by reviewing information—including “past and prospective loss experience” and financial data—submitted by individual insurers and “rate service organizations.” SeeN.Y. Ins. Law §§ 2304 (outlining factors and materials considered by the Insurance Department), 2313(a) (defining “rate service organization”). Rate service organizations are licensed by the Insurance Department and include associations of state title insurers that file rates on behalf of their members. SeeN.Y. Ins. Law § 2313(a).

Defendants are members of the Title Insurance Rate Service Association, Inc. (“TIRSA”), an association of state title insurers licensed by the Insurance Department as a rate service organization.¹ TIRSA annually submits aggregated financial data from its members to the Insurance Department. TIRSA also prepares the New York Title Insurance Rate manual, which is submitted to the Insurance Department for approval and sets forth collectively fixed title insurance rates to be charged by its members.

TIRSA's collectively fixed rates are based, in part, on: (1) a percentage of the total value of the property being insured; (2) the cost of insuring the risk associated with issuing the title policy; (3) the costs associated with the search and examination of prior ownership records; and (4) “agency commissions” usually paid to title agents. The cost of insuring the risk captures both prior events that cause defects to title, many of which are or can be excluded from the policy's coverage, and future losses an insurer cannot control; it is based on, inter alia, the age of the property, the complexity of the ownership history, and the accessibility of prior ownership records. Agency commissions cover payments made to title agents, including payments for the search and examination of prior ownership records.

While title agents do provide actual services to defendants, the commissions they are paid exceed the value of the services. In short, title insurers, including “[d]efendants[,] paid illegal kickbacks to title agents [, lawyers, brokers, and lenders,] for referrals and gave fees and other things of value to others for unearned settlement services and settlement services not provided” to plaintiffs and other purchasers of title insurance. (Comp. ¶ 91; see Compl. ¶¶ 32, 37). The “vast majority” of agency commissions and “roughly 85 percent of total title insurance premiums” consist of kickbacks and other illegitimate costs. (Compl. ¶¶ 37, 38). Thus, “[t]itle insurers get business by encouraging those making the purchasing decisions ... to direct business to that insurer. The best way to encourage [such business] is ... [through] financial inducements.” (Compl. ¶ 32).²

2. Proceedings Below

On July 9, 2008, plaintiffs filed the Complaint in the Southern District of New York. The Complaint alleged claims under RESPA § 8(a) and (b).³ Plaintiffs asked the district court to, inter alia, “permanently enjoin[ ] and restrain[ ] [defendants] from[ ] unlawfully fixing or maintaining their title insurance rates at supracompetitive levels.” (Compl. ¶ B). Plaintiffs sought to recoup “ ‘three times the amount of any charge paid’ for the unearned settlement services.” (Compl. ¶ E) (citing RESPA § 8(d), 12 U.S.C. § 2607(d)).⁴

In November of 2008, this case was transferred to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Platt, J.) because its operative facts were substantially duplicative of those in Dolan v. Fidelity National Insurance Co., No. 08–cv–0466, ECF Doc. No. 1 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 1, 2008), a putative class action also filed in the Eastern District of New York (Platt, J.) against many of the same defendants in this case.⁵

On March 2, 2009, plaintiffs in this case moved to change venue and transfer the case back to the Southern District of New York. The district court denied the motion.

On October 5, 2010, defendants moved to dismiss plaintiffs' RESPA claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). SeeFed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). On November 8, 2010, the district court granted the motion on the grounds that plaintiffs failed to state a plausible claim under RESPA § 8(a) and (b) and because the claim was precluded by the safe harbor provision of RESPA, § 8(c), and the filed rate doctrine.

This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

We review de novo a district court's dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Chambers, 282 F.3d at 152. “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.... The plausibility standard ... asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

On appeal, plaintiffs challenge only the dismissal of their § 8(a) claim. They argue that the district court erred in granting defendants' motion to dismiss under RESPA § 8(a) and under the filed rate doctrine.⁶ For the reasons that follow, we conclude that plaintiffs failed to state a plausible claim under RESPA § 8(a). We affirm the district court's dismissal of the action on this ground.

I. Applicable Law

Congress enacted RESPA, in part, to eliminate “kickbacks or referral fees that tend to increase unnecessarily the costs of certain settlement services.” 12 U.S.C. § 2601(b)(2). RESPA § 8(a) prohibits kickbacks for referrals of real estate settlement business. See RESPA § 8(a), 12 U.S.C. § 2607(a); see also Freeman, 132 S.Ct. at 2038, 2043;Cohen v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., 498 F.3d 111, 121 (2d Cir.2007).⁷ A violation of § 8(a) involves three elements: (1) a payment or thing of value; (2) given and received pursuant to an agreement to refer settlement business; and (3) an...