Galyn v. Schwartz

• Decision Date: 09 December 1980
• Citation: 77 A.D.2d 437,434 N.Y.S.2d 1
• Parties: Rhoda GALYN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Lawrence SCHWARTZ, Defendant-Respondent.
• Court: New York Supreme Court — Appellate Division

Page 1

434 N.Y.S.2d 1

77 A.D.2d 437

Rhoda GALYN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Lawrence SCHWARTZ, Defendant-Respondent.

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department.

Dec. 9, 1980.

Maris Bibelnieks, New York City, for plaintiff-appellant.

Clifford M. Solomon, New York City, of counsel (Beatrice Rothaus, New York City, attorney), for defendant-respondent.

Before FEIN, J. P., and SANDLER, SULLIVAN, LUPIANO and SILVERMAN, JJ.

SULLIVAN, Justice.

The parties were married in 1948, entered into a separation agreement in November, 1959, and ultimately were divorced in January, 1960, In Mexico. The divorce judgment incorporated the separation agreement, approved all its terms, and decreed that it was binding on the parties, but did not provide for merger.

For a period of time the husband made regular support payments of $100 per week, pursuant to the agreement, but eventually fell substantially in arrears, prompting the wife in 1973 to commence a Family Court enforcement proceeding in which the husband, claiming hardship, successfully moved for a downward modification of his obligations from $100 per week to $35. The Family Court did not expressly rule on the wife's petition for arrears. Thereafter, in 1977, without financial resources and income and finding herself living at a poverty level, the wife commenced this action on the separation agreement for accrued arrears. The wife's motion for summary judgment and counsel fees was denied, and this appeal resulted.

We find that with the exception of the statute of limitations, which is a partial defense, the husband's affirmative defenses are without merit and should be dismissed. Although the husband, a doctor, asserts the defense of duress, it is clear that he had ample time to review the agreement prior to its execution and to seek legal advice. He chose not to do so and specifically evinced this decision by initialling paragraph twelve of the agreement, wherein he admitted that "he has had full opportunity to obtain the advice of counsel of his own selection" and that "he has chosen voluntarily and freely to reject such advice and signed the agreement upon his own responsibility with full acknowledge of the liability undertaken by him herein." Moreover, this defense is raised for the first time twenty years after the execution of the agreement.

The husband's claim that the separation agreement lost its viability after entry of the Mexican divorce decree fails also since it is clear from the terms of the agreement and the language of the divorce decree that each party retains the right to sue on the agreement. The separation agreement was incorporated into, but not merged with, the decree. In fact the husband so stipulated in the subsequent Family Court proceeding. Nor was the wife estopped from seeking to recover under the separation agreement by virtue of having commenced the Family Court proceeding to enforce the support provisions of the Mexican decree. Since the separation agreement was not merged into the decree, it survives, and the husband is not relieved of his contractual obligations under the agreement. (Goldman v. Goldman, 282 N.Y. 296, 26 N.E.2d 265.) "(S)ubsequent decree modifications leave the prior nonmerged support contract still in existence qua contract." (McMains v. McMains, 15 N.Y.2d 283, 285, 258 N.Y.S.2d 93, 206 N.E.2d 185.) Except for the statute of limitations, the other defenses do not warrant discussion.

Obligations under a separation agreement which accrued prior to six years before the commencement of an action for the recovery of arrears are barred by the six-year contract statute of limitations. (Morris v. Morris, 74 A.D.2d 490, 428 N.Y.S.2d 10; see CPLR 213(2).) The wife claims that support payments made within the six years preceding the commencement of this action constituted partial payment, thereby reviving the indebtedness for support arrears otherwise outlawed. Mere part payment of a debt, however, is not sufficient to vitiate the applicability of the statute of limitations and revive a debt which would otherwise be barred. To have that effect the payment must be made in circumstances from which "a promise may be inferred to pay the remainder." (Crow v. Gleason, 141 N.Y. 489, 493, 36 N.E. 497.) Here, the husband never acknowledged or intimated in any fashion that the payments were being made with a view toward extinguishing arrears. Nor is it shown that he ever made a payment in excess of his then current obligation. Significantly, at no time after the Family Court order did he ever pay more than $35 per week. Thus, the wife has not shown that the husband's payments were made as part of a plan to extinguish an antecedent debt.

At best, the wife's averments disclose no more than that in negotiations between the attorneys, the husband offered to pay a lump sum towards arrears. So far as the record discloses no such payment was ever made. An offer of settlement is not admissible as evidence of a debt (Catalfamo v. Boucher, 33 A.D.2d 1081, 307 N.Y.S.2d 678), and should not be used here to revive an antecedent debt against the husband. The husband's conduct has been unequivocal and constant with regard to arrears-he has paid none. Notwithstanding the provision in the separation agreement that the wife's failure to collect was not to be deemed a waiver of arrears, the statute of limitations remains a viable defense, non-waivable except by conduct which is unequivocal. (See Crow v. Gleason, supra, 141 N.Y. at 493, 36 N.E. 497.) Nothing in the husband's actions evinces an indication to waive the protection of the statute and his payment of only $35 per week demonstrates, if anything, a desire only to fulfill his current obligations. Thus, no factual issue exists as to the wife's claim that partial payment revived the debt.

The wife also contends that she applied the husband's payments to the extinguishment of arrears earliest in time. Thus, claiming that she applied payments made between the date six years preceding the commencement of this action and the date of the motion against the outstanding indebtedness, she seeks summary judgment for an amount equivalent to the sum of $100 per week for that period of time.

"A debtor in making payment to a creditor to whom he owes more than one obligation has the right to direct application of the payment to a specific debt, and it is only where the debtor has made no specific allocation that the creditor can then allocate the payment as he wishes." (Shahmoon Industries, Inc. v. Peerless Insurance Co., 16 A.D.2d 716, 717, 226 N.Y.S.2d 997 citing Bank of California v. Webb, 94 N.Y. 467, 472; Wanamaker v. Powers, 102 App.Div. 485, 491-492, 93 N.Y.S. 19.) But in the absence of an election by either party the "court will make such application of the payment as equity and justice require." (Bank of California v. Webb, 94 N.Y. 467, 472; see, also, Payments, 43 N.Y.Jur. § 68.)

As already noted, the husband paid $35 per week after the Family Court modified his support obligations downward to that sum. In the time immediately prior to the order of modification he had made no regular payments, and had fallen deeply into arrears. A reasonable, but not exclusive, inference to be drawn is that the payments were made solely to comply with the Family Court order and his current obligations. Furthermore, at no time did the wife inform the husband that she was setting his payments off against the arrears. Thus, we have only her naked allegation that this was her practice, a matter peculiarly within her knowledge. Where neither party has directed payment, and the manner of allocation of the payments is solely within the knowledge and control of the creditor, the creditor is not entitled to summary judgment. (Shahmoon Industries, Inc. v. Peerless Insurance Co., supra, 16 A.D.2d at 718, 226 N.Y.S.2d 997.)

At the same time we cannot agree with our dissenting colleague who, in granting partial summary judgment to the wife, would find as a matter of law that she may not credit payments made by the husband after and in compliance with the Family Court order against earlier arrears. As has been noted often, issue finding, not issue determination, is the primary function of the court on a motion for summary judgment (Esteve v. Abad, 271 App.Div. 725, 727, 68 N.Y.S.2d 322), and we cannot unequivocally say that the circumstances of payment are clearly in favor of one side or the other. That the husband's payments were not made in circumstances from which a promise may be inferred to pay the balance of the arrears so as to revive the indebtedness does not compel the conclusion that his payments constituted a direction to apply them toward current support. At no time did he ever expressly direct a specific application of his payments. Both parties should be given the opportunity to present evidence as to whether the wife is entitled to credit payments made within six years of the commencement of this action against arrears. Thus, an assessment is necessary to determine the amount owed within the period not proscribed by the statute of limitations.

The wife also...