Gherman v. Colburn

• Decision Date: 29 July 1971
• Citation: 18 Cal.App.3d 1046,96 Cal.Rptr. 424
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: E. M. GHERMAN, M.D., et al., Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. Richard D. COLBURN et al., Defendants and Appellants. Civ. 10570.

Page 424

96 Cal.Rptr. 424

18 Cal.App.3d 1046

E. M. GHERMAN, M.D., et al., Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. Richard D. COLBURN et al., Defendants and Appellants.

Civ. 10570.

Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 2, California.

July 29, 1971.

Hearing Denied Sept. 22, 1971.

[18 Cal.App.3d 1047] Jackson, Kumler, Copes & Croskey, Los Angeles, Wilson, Borror & Dunn, San Bernardino, Morton B. Jackson, H. Walter Croskey, and Stanley Feldsott, Los Angeles, for defendants and appellants.

Lonergan, Jordan & Gresham, San Bernardino, and Williams & Williams, Hollywood, and Allen B. Gresham, San Bernardino, for plaintiffs and respondents.

OPINION

KERRIGAN, Acting Presiding Justice.

In June 1969 plaintiffs filed suit against defendants for breach of an alleged joint venture agreement and requested that the joint venture be judicially terminated, the assets thereof be sold, and the proceeds divided. Defendants' answer denied the existence of the joint venture. Defendants did not counterclaim or cross-complain or seek affirmative relief in the answer. Discovery ensued. A pretrial hearing was held on November 7, 1969. At the conference, plaintiffs demanded a jury trial, apparently on the theory that they were also seeking $3,000,000 in damages by reason of the breach. The case was set for trial on February 16, 1970.

On February 17, 1970, the matter was assigned to Judge Margaret Morris for trial. Defendants objected to a jury trial on the ground that the action was equitable in nature; plaintiffs contended that both legal and equitable issues were involved and that they were entitled to a jury trial on the legal issues. Following an extended argument in chambers, the matter was continued to the next day to enable plaintiffs' counsel to do further research on the jury trial issue. When court reconvened the following day, Judge Morris denied the demand for a jury trial. She then commented that she would not be 'offended' if plaintiffs disqualified her in view of her ruling on the 'hotly contested' jury trial issue. Plaintiffs' counsel requested a few minutes to discuss the matter with his clients and within an hour he returned and requested that the cause be reassigned to the master calendar. Within 15--20 minutes plaintiffs filed a dismissal without prejudice. When counsel and the parties appeared before Presiding Judge Katz, plaintiffs' attorney informed the court that a dismissal had been filed with the county clerk. A copy of the dismissal was served on the court and opposing counsel.

The following day, plaintiffs filed a new action in the Los Angeles Superior Court on the theory of the tortious exclusion of a joint venturer from the joint venture assets. In this suit, plaintiffs alleged that the joint venture agreement was entered into in Los Angeles County and one of the defendants resided therein. The tort action was apparently filed in the expectation that it would enable plaintiffs to secure a jury trial.

In March 1970, the defendants filed a motion in the San Bernardino Superior Court for an order vacating the dismissal and restoring the matter to the calendar on the ground that the trial had 'commenced' before Judge Morris. The motion was heard and argued and the defendants' motion was denied. This appeal is from the order denying the motion and the sole issue is whether the court acted with propriety in refusing to vacate the dismissal.

Defendants maintain that the trial court acted erroneously in refusing to vacate the voluntary dismissal since the trial had Commenced within the meaning of section 581 of the Code of Civil Procedure. They further claim that the filing of a voluntary dismissal when the case had been called for trial, followed by the filing of a second suit based on the same transaction, reduces the litigation to a 'contest of logistics, trickery, and deceit' and contributes to court congestion, thereby violating the policy factors underlying the code, which was designed to encourage speedy trials and settlement and to discourage multiple litigation and forum-shopping.

However, other factors must also be considered in determining the applicability of the statute. Prior to 1947, section 581 of the Code of Civil Procedure had been interpreted to allow dismissal during trial, but prior to submission. (See MacDermot v. Grant, 181 Cal. 332, 334, 184 P. 396.) This practice led to a number of abuses, wherein plaintiffs, learning of, or suspecting, an adverse decision, dismissed the suit after the presentation of the case, thereby putting defendant to considerable expense and effort and wasting valuable court time. (See generally, 2 Witkin, Calif.Proc. (1954) Proceedings Without Trial, § 22, pp. 1658--1660.) In 1947, the section was amended to eliminate such abuses. As amended, the statute states that an action may be dismissed by plaintiff at any time before the actual commencement of the trial, provided that a counterclaim has not been set up or affirmative relief sought by cross-complaint or answer of the defendant. (Code Civ.Proc. § 581(1).)

The crucial issue on appeal is whether the trial 'actually commenced' before Judge Morris. '* * * A trial shall be deemed to be Actually commenced at the beginning of the opening statement of the plaintiff or his counsel, and if there shall be no opening statement, then at the time of the administering of the oath * * * to the first witness, or the introduction of any evidence.' (Emphasis supplied.) (Code Civ.Proc. § 581(1).) The policy underlying the privilege of dismissing an action before the commencement of trial is to afford to the plaintiff a certain amount of freedom of action within the limits prescribed by the code. (See Simpson v. Superior Court, 68 Cal.App.2d 821, 825, 158 P.2d 46....