Gill v Texas Dept. Crim. Justice

• Decision Date: 31 August 1999
• Citation: 3 S.W.3d 576
• Parties: <!--3 S.W.3d 576 (Tex.App.-Houston 1999) ANTHONY E. GILL, Appellant v. TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, INSTITUTIONAL DIVISION, Appellee NO. 01-96-00876-CV In The Court of Appeals For The First District of Texas
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

Page 576

3 S.W.3d 576 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999)

ANTHONY E. GILL, Appellant v TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE INSTITUTIONAL DIVISION, Appellee

NO. 01-96-00876-CV

In The Court of Appeals For The First District of Texas

August 31,1999

On Appeal from the 12th District Court, Walker County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 19,150

[Copyrighted Material Omitted] Panel consists of Justices Cohen, O'Connor, and Wilson.

O P I N I O N

Michol O'Connor, Justice

Anthony E. Gill, the plaintiff below and appellant here, appeals a summary judgment rendered in favor of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, the defendant below and appellee here (the TDCJ). We affirm.

Factual Background

The plaintiff is an inmate housed at Ellis Unit I in Huntsville, Texas. On March 28, 1995, he was injured while loading tree stumps onto a truck owned by the TDCJ. While the plaintiff was in the bed of the truck, other inmates placed a tree stump onto the bed, which rolled and struck the plaintiff's leg. The plaintiff was seen on the same day by the Ellis Unit I medical department. His medical records indicate an abrasion two inches long and one-eighth inch deep, which was cleansed with the application of betadine and a band-aid. The plaintiff claims the injury left a scar on his leg.

The plaintiff sued the TDCJ under the Texas Tort Claims Act. The plaintiff alleged that Phillip Cobler, an employee of the TDCJ, was negligent in the performance of his responsibilities as a supervisor in accordance with the policies adopted by the TDCJ. The plaintiff also alleged he was injured through the use of a motor vehicle and tangible property. The TDCJ moved for summary judgment, asserting sovereign immunity. The trial court granted the motion for summary judgment, and this appeal followed.

Recusal of Judge

Before the summary judgment hearing, the plaintiff filed a motion to recuse Judge McAdams, who was presiding over the plaintiff's lawsuit. Judge McAdams refused to recuse himself and referred the matter to Judge Thomas J. Stovall, presiding judge of the Second Administrative Judicial District. Judge Stovall assigned Judge Jerry Sandel to hear the recusal motion. The plaintiff filed "objections to the request for hearing before Judge Jerry Sandel." Judge Sandel conducted a hearing on the plaintiff's motion to recuse and denied the motion to recuse Judge McAdams. The plaintiff did not obtain a ruling on his "objections to the request for hearing before Judge Jerry Sandel."

In point of error one, the plaintiff asserts his due process rights were violated because Judge Sandel did not disqualify himself pursuant to Texas Government Code section 74.053.¹ The plaintiff asserts that Judge Sandel's disqualification was mandatory and automatic under Section 74.053. We disagree.

The plaintiff objected to Judge Sandel on the grounds that Judge Sandel would be prejudiced against him because Judge Sandel "enjoys a working relationship with Judge McAdams" and would deny him the opportunity to be heard on his claims against TDCJ. Thus, the plaintiff's objection was not a peremptory challenge to Judge Sandel as a visiting judge under Section 74.503. Because the plaintiff alleged partiality and prejudice as his grounds for Judge Sandel's recusal, his objection was brought under Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 18a² and 18b.³

Rule 18a requires that a motion for recusal or disqualification be verified and state with particularity why the judge before whom the case is pending should not sit. Tex. R. Civ. P. 18a(a). If a party does not comply with the mandatory requirements of Rule 18a, he waives his right to complain of a judge's refusal to recuse himself. See McElwee v. McElwee, 911 S.W.2d 182, 186 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied); see also Vickery v. Texas Carpet Co., 792 S.W.2d 759, 763 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, writ denied). The plaintiff's objection to Judge Sandel was not verified. However, because the plaintiff is an inmate he could have submitted an unsworn declaration instead of a verification. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 132.001(a); see also Smith v. McCorkle, 895 S.W.2d 692, 692 (Tex. 1995) (section 132.001 permits inmates to file unsworn declarations instead of a verification). The plaintiff did not submit an unsworn declaration in support of his objection to Judge Sandel; therefore, he waived his right to complain on appeal.

We overrule point of error one.

Summary Judgment

In points of error two and three, the plaintiff asserts the trial court improperly rendered summary judgment in favor of TDCJ.

1.Summary judgment standard

A defendant is entitled to summary judgment if it conclusively establishes all elements of an affirmative defense as a matter of law. Roark v. Stallworth Oil & Gas, Inc., 813 S.W.2d 492, 494 (Tex. 1991); Rose v. Baker & Botts, 816 S.W.2d 805, 809 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied).

We will affirm the summary judgment if any of the grounds advanced in the motion for that summary judgment is meritorious and the movant preserved those grounds for appellate review. Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 626 (Tex. 1996); Pena v. Van, 960 S.W.2d 101, 103 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no writ). We will not consider any ground for reversal that was not expressly presented to the trial court by written motion, answer, or other response to the motion for summary judgment. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 675-77 (Tex. 1979); Pena, 960 S.W.2d at 103.

2.Amendment of pleadings

The plaintiff asserts TDCJ's motion for summary judgment was directed solely at his pleadings because TDCJ's motion stated he did not allege a cause of action that fell within the waiver of sovereign immunity. The plaintiff contends TDCJ's motion was really in the form of special exceptions attacking his pleadings. This assertion is without merit.

At the end of TDCJ's motion for summary judgment, under a section entitled "Conclusion," TDCJ alleged, "Plaintiff has failed to allege a cause of action which falls within the waiver of sovereign immunity provided by the Texas Tort Claims Act." This general statement, in a concluding paragraph, was not the basis on which TDCJ moved for summary judgment. Instead, TDCJ moved for summary judgment on the grounds that (1) it retained its sovereign immunity because Cobler was not personally liable; (2) Cobler's official immunity precluded its respondeat superior liability; (3) injury resulting from the negligent acts of nonemployees (the other inmates) is not a proper basis for suit under the Tort Claims Act; (4) failure to supervise, train, and protect against misuse of tangible property does not come within the waiver of immunity created by the Tort Claims Act; and (5) the plaintiff's allegations involved discretionary acts exempt from the waiver of sovereign immunity.

3.Entitlement to summary judgment as a matter of law

The plaintiff sued TDCJ for the negligence of TDCJ's employee (Cobler) under Tort Claims Act section 101.021. The plaintiff alleged Cobler was negligent in the performance of his responsibilities as a supervisor because he did not follow the policies adopted by TDCJ in its occupational health and safety manual. The plaintiff alleged Cobler was responsible for preventing accidents by ensuring that inmates maintain orderly work conditions, establishing work methods, assigning jobs, and giving directions.

A governmental entity's limited waiver of sovereign immunity is set out in Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code section 101.021, which provides as follows:

A governmental unit in the state is liable for:

(1) property damage, personal injury, and death proximately caused by the wrongful act or omission or the negligence of an employee acting within the scope of employment if:

(A) the property damage, personal injury, or death arises from the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven equipment; and

(B) the employee would be personally liable to the claimant according to Texas law; and

(2) personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of tangible personal or real property if the governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 101.021 (emphasis added). The plaintiff alleged his cause of action under subsections 1 and 2 of Section 101.021.⁴

a.Immunity under subsection 1

A governmental entity may be liable for the torts of its employee arising from the use or operation of motor-driven vehicles or equipment if, among other things, the employee would be personally liable to the claimant under Texas law. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 101.021(1)(A), (B); see also DeWitt v. Harris County, 904 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. 1995). An employee's negligence that is not directly involved in the use or operation of motor-driven equipment does not come within the waiver of immunity provided for in Section 101.021(1). LeLeaux v. Hamshire-Fannett Indep. Sch. Dist., 835 S.W.2d 49, 51 (Tex. 1992). The phrase, "arises from," requires a nexus between the injury negligently caused by a governmental employee and the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or piece of equipment. LeLeaux, 835 S.W.2d at 51. Immunity is only waived where the governmental employee, not a third party, is the operator of the motor vehicle causing the injury. LeLeaux, 835 S.W.2d at 51; City of Columbus v. Barnstone, 921 S.W.2d 268, 272 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ).

Here, the truck was not in operation; it was parked. The plaintiff does not allege his injury resulted from the operation or use of the truck; rather, he was injured when a tree stump rolled onto his leg while he happened to be standing in the truck bed. The truck was nothing more than the place where the plaintiff happened to injure himself. See LeLeaux, 835 S.W.2d at 51 (injury did not arise from...