Grand Jury Investigation, In re, 90-3062

• Decision Date: 01 May 1990
• Docket Number: No. 90-3062,90-3062
• Citation: 903 F.2d 180
• Parties: In re GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION. Appeal of Patrick R. DiLORETO.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

Page 180

903 F.2d 180

In re GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION Appeal of Patrick R. DiLORETO.

No. 90-3062.

United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit.

Argued March 12, 1990.

Decided May 1, 1990.

William P. Weichler (argued), Erie, Pa., for appellant.

Thomas W. Corbett, Jr., U.S. Atty., Paul J. Brysh (argued), Asst. U.S. Atty., Pittsburgh, Pa., for appellee, U.S.

Before SLOVITER, BECKER and STAPLETON, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

BECKER, Circuit Judge.

This appeal presents the question whether someone found in civil contempt for failure to testify before a grand jury is entitled to know the commencement and termination dates of that grand jury. The district court denied contemnor's motion for disclosure of the dates. We will reverse.

I.

Appellant Patrick DiLoreto was convicted of various drug and income tax violations and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment. ¹ Although his conviction was vacated and remanded on direct appeal, United States v. DiLoreto, 888 F.2d 996 (3d Cir.1989), appellant remains in custody pending a new trial. In January 1989, after serving only three months of his prison term, appellant was subpoenaed to appear before the federal grand jury that was investigating the activities of one Merchie C. Calabrese, Jr. ² When appellant invoked the privilege against self-incrimination, the government sought and obtained an order granting appellant use immunity and compelling him to respond. See 18 U.S.C. Secs. 6002, 6003 (1988). This order notwithstanding, appellant refused to answer questions before the grand jury. The government therefore moved for a Rule to Show Cause why he should not be held in contempt.

Appellant waived a hearing and informed the court (through counsel) that he had no intention of answering questions. The court thereupon found appellant in contempt of court and remanded him to the custody of the United States Marshal until such time as he should purge himself of the contempt by agreeing to answer questions, or eighteen months, or the remaining life of the grand jury, whichever was least. Appellant has been in various local jails since that time. On October 6, 1989, appellant moved for disclosure of the commencement and termination dates of the grand jury. The district court, on February 8, 1990, denied the motion without opinion. This appeal followed.

II.

A.

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e), which codifies the longstanding policy of secrecy surrounding federal grand jury proceedings, obviously constrains the right of public access to grand jury records. More particularly, Rule 6(e)(2) imposes a rule prohibiting disclosure of "matters occurring before the grand jury." The exception to the rule of secrecy, Rule 6(e)(3), and the sealing requirement, Rule 6(e)(6), also pertain only to "matters occurring before the grand jury."

We must be wary, however, of an overly strict construction of what matters actually "occur[ ] before the grand jury," as it has been correctly held that some non-substantive incidents of grand jury proceedings must be kept secret. For instance, although criminal defendants generally have the right to inspect jury selection records under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1867(f) (1982), they are not normally entitled to the names of the members of the grand juries that indicted them. See United States v. McLernon, 746 F.2d 1098, 1122-23 (6th Cir.1984); United States v. Carlock, 606 F.Supp. 491, 492-93 (W.D.La.1985); United States v. Vaughn, 510 F.Supp. 206, 209-10 (D.N.J.1981). Obviously, the disclosure of the names and addresses of the grand jurors could facilitate intimidation of or retaliation against those grand jurors.

We explicated the theory behind the Rule 6 secrecy doctrine in In re Grand Jury Investigation (Appeal of New Jersey State Commission of Investigation), 630 F.2d 996 (3d Cir.1980), cert. denied sub nom. Rittenhouse Consulting Enterprises Ltd. v. New Jersey State Commission of Investigation, 449 U.S. 1081, 101 S.Ct. 865, 66 L.Ed.2d 805 (1981):

[T]he policy of secrecy is not absolute. Rule 6(e) shields solely 'matters occurring before the grand jury.' It is designed to protect from disclosure only the essence of what takes place in the grand jury room, in order to preserve the freedom and integrity of the deliberative process.

630 F.2d at 1000 (citations omitted).

We note, in light of that standard, that disclosure of the commencement and termination dates of the grand jury does not disclose the essence of what took place in the grand jury room. Additionally, disclosure of such information does not violate the freedom and integrity of the deliberative process of the grand jurors. Furthermore, American courts have long recognized a general right of access to court records. Nixon v. Warner Communications, Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 98 S.Ct. 1306, 55 L.Ed.2d 570 (1978). In Nixon, the court found the interest necessary to support the access right in, inter alia, "the citizen's desire to keep a watchful eye on the workings of public agencies." Id. 98 S.Ct. at 1312. Appellant, who is incarcerated as the result of the grand jury's process, has more than the citizen's right to seek the grand jury's termination date. Cf. In re Special Grand Jury (for Anchorage, Alaska), 674 F.2d 778 (9th Cir.1982) (movants, as members of general public as well as subjects of grand jury investigation, had standing to seek access to ministerial records of grand jury).

B.

The government's argument for non-disclosure is that:

The disclosure of information on the term of [a] grand jury may tend to indicate the target date for an indictment and therefore the probable length of the investigation. Such information may facilitate the escape of prospective defendants and efforts to frustrate or to interfere with the investigation. A target or a witness under his influence may be quite willing to resist grand jury subpoenas or to withhold evidence if he knows that, if he does so for a few months, the government may well decide to seek an indictment without the evidence. But he may be less willing to engage in such actions if he thinks that he may have to continue his resistance for more than a year. And a recalcitrant witness, such as DiLoreto, may be willing to be confined for contempt for two or three months, but not for eighteen.

Brief for United States at 9.

Although initially appealing, this argument comes apart under scrutiny. Since it is clear that the government may apply to extend the life of the grand jury, ³ or failing that, to convene a new grand jury and bring the recalcitrant witness before it (with a possible 18-month sanction for failure to testify), the impending termination of a grand jury offers a witness, who may soon find himself in the same predicament all over again, little incentive not to cooperate. Indeed appellant persuasively turns the government's argument to his own account, pointing out that:

the [termination] information may enhance the coercive intent of the recalcitrant witness statute. For, faced with a lengthy period of incarceration, credit for which does not accrue against his underlying federal sentence, Mr. DiLoreto may very well choose to purge himself of the contempt citation.

Brief for Appellant at 17.

Appellant argues, even more persuasively, that disclosure of the jury's termination date is necessary to ensure that he is held in custody no longer than necessary. He submits that it is contrary to the adversary nature of our judicial system to require him to rely upon the good faith and integrity of government prosecutors to inform him when the grand jury term expires. If the information is in the hands of the witness as well as the government, the witness may take appropriate action upon the expiration of the grand jury. We note that, even conceding the government's good faith, mistakes are not infrequent in the correctional setting, ⁴ and it is quite possible that a grand jury may expire without the jailer knowing about it. If the contemnor is informed of the date of his release, the likelihood of a wrongful extension of his term will be lessened significantly. The foregoing reasons support our conclusion that a contemnor is entitled to disclosure of the grand jury's commencement and termination dates.

C.

The Supreme Court has adopted the following statement of the reasons for grand jury secrecy:

(1) To prevent the escape of those whose indictment may be contemplated; (2) to insure the utmost freedom to the grand jury in its deliberations, and to prevent persons subject to indictment or their friends from importuning the grand jurors; (3) to prevent subornation of perjury or tampering with the witness who may testify before [the] grand jury and later appear at the trial of those indicted by it; (4) to encourage free and untrammeled disclosures by persons who have information with respect to the commission of crimes; (5) to protect an innocent accused who is exonerated from disclosure of the fact that he has been under investigation and from the expense of standing trial where there was no probability of guilt.

United States v. John Doe, Inc. I, 481 U.S. 102, 109 n. 5, 107 S.Ct. 1656, 1661 n. 5, 95 L.Ed.2d 94 (1987). ⁵ See also Douglas Oil Co. v. Petrol Stops Northwest, 441 U.S. 211, 219 n. 10, 99 S.Ct. 1667, 1673 n. 10, 60 L.Ed.2d 156 (1979); United States v. Procter & Gamble Co., 356 U.S. 677, 681-82 n. 6, 78 S.Ct. 983, 985-86 n. 6, 2 L.Ed.2d 1077 (1958); United States v. Educational Development Network Corp., 884 F.2d 737, 741 (3d Cir.1989).

Examining these policies undergirding grand jury secrecy, we conclude that none weighs against disclosure of the termination date. Under these circumstances, the right of public access, discussed above in Part IIA, is sufficient to require disclosure. ⁶ Strongly corroborating this view is a survey made by counsel in this case at the request of the court, which reveals that in the vast majority of United States District Courts, the commencement and termination dates of the grand...