Griffith v. Commonwealth
| Decision Date | 03 October 1933 |
| Citation | 250 Ky. 506 |
| Parties | Griffith v. Commonwealth. |
| Court | United States State Supreme Court — District of Kentucky |
1. Criminal Law. — Victim's statements in hospital, nearly six hours after shooting and again an hour later, that defendant shot him and that deceased didn't know why, held inadmissible as resgestae.
2. Homicide. — Victim's statements, made 12 or 14 hours before death, and not shown to have been made under sense of approaching death, that defendant shot him and that deceased didn't know why, held inadmissible as dying declaration.
3. Homicide. — Affidavit tending to show that victim's statements that defendant shot him were made under sense of impending death, filed after defendant's motion for new trial had been overruled, could not be considered.
4. Criminal Law. — Accusatory or incriminating statements, made in presence and hearing and with understanding of person accused of offense, concerning matter within his knowledge, seeming to call for denial, but not denied, are competent against accused.
5. Criminal Law. — Where accused makes reply to incriminatory statements, of itself an admission, or when accused's conduct implies acquiescence in truth of statements, evidence of such circumstances is admissible.
6. Homicide. — Victim's statement in presence of accused, made several hours after shooting, that accused shot him and accused's failure to deny, held inadmissible where victim refused to swear to identity and accused had denied same statement made an hour before.
7. Witnesses. — Witness cannot add weight to testimony by repeating statement on different occasion.
8. Criminal Law. — In murder prosecution with claim of alibi, testimony of railroad employees that three strangers, one answering description given by deceased of assailant, climbed through train in yard from side toward shooting, asked distance to end of yards and what railroad policeman looked like, held admissible.
9. Homicide. — Evidence held insufficient to warrant instruction that defendant might be convicted of aiding and abetting two others indicted with him if jury found either of others guilty of murder.
Appeal from Greenup Circuit Court.
WAUGH & HOWERTON for appellant.
BAILEY P. WOOTTON, Attorney General, and H. HAMILTON RICE, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
OPINION OF THE COURT BY STANLEY, COMMISSIONER.Reversing.
The appellant, Harry Griffith, was indicted with his brother, Frank Griffith, and Milton Hally, charged with the murder of John Harshbarger, and upon a separate trial was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. His defense was an alibi, quite reasonable and well supported.
Harshbarger was shot in the abdomen on the street in the village of Worthington about 8:15 o'clock on the night of December 30, 1932. He was immediately carried to Sammons' home across the street. He there said he did not know who it was, or why it was done; that he had been shot by a tall man wearing a cap; that there were three men in the group who met him, and when one of them said he had gone far enough he thought he was joking. It appears that Harshbarger knew the appellant well, but he did not at the time indicate that it was he who had shot him or that he was in the group. The implication is that the parties intended to rob him, although he did not say so. Without this, motive is lacking. Immediately following the sound of the shot, three men were seen running from where it had been fired. Witnesses recognized the appellant, Harry Griffith, about five hundred feet away as one of these men. Others recognized his brother, Frank; while others who knew them did not identify either. It is not clear whether all these witnesses were referring to the same man or had seen different men. The one identified as Harry Griffith was running perhaps two hundred yards away from the place where Harshbarger had been shot. In a few minutes appellant's brother, Frank, was seen in a different part of the village, and appeared to be scared and excited. Not long after the wounded man had been taken to Sammons' home, both the appellant and his brother joined and mingled with the crowd which gathered. The defendant for a time was standing in the door near the wounded man. They were both soon arrested charged with the shooting.
That night Harshbarger was taken to a hospital at Ashland and the bullet removed. About 2 o'clock that morning the appellant and his brother were taken by the officers before Harshbarger at the hospital. He was asked if he knew them, and, pointing at the appellant, said, "That is the fellow that pulled the trigger." When asked if he knew the other boy, he said he did not know him or did not see him there, and that it was a tall and slender fellow with a cap who shot him. The accused replied, "Dad, I wasn't the one that done it," or as another witness testified, "You have got me wrong, Dad," and Harshbarger responded, in substance, that he did not know what he wanted to do that for as he was a hard-working man and tried to treat everybody right. An hour or so later the defendant and his brother were again taken before the wounded man. A notary public was present and had either prepared or was at the moment writing a statement for his execution. He again pointed to the defendant as being the one who had shot him. A witness testified one of the officers asked him "to swear to the boy" and he said that he could not do that. The officer says he never asked him to swear to anything, but that Harshbarger said, "I don't want to swear it was them; I don't want to talk about it," and laid back down. There is an immaterial variance among the several witnesses as to the exact language used on the occasions, but the above is the essence of what was said.
It is obvious that the statements are not within the res gestae rule. There was not a breath of evidence tending to show that the declarations of the wounded man were made under a sense of approaching death so as to bring them within the dying declaration rule. He did not die until twelve or fourteen hours later. The Attorney General refers us to a statement by a nurse reciting a statement which the deceased made to his wife at the hospital concerning some small financial matters from which it might be implied he was getting his wordly affairs in order. That affidavit was filed in the record by the Commonwealth without notice to the defendant and after his motion for a new trial had been overruled. The sufficiency of the subject-matter aside, it is plain that it cannot be considered. A party cannot supplement evidence to sustain the claim of a dying declaration after the trial. Therefore, the admissibility of evidence of the statements must be considered under some other rule.
When accusatory or incriminating statements are made in the presence and hearing and with the understanding of the accused person and concerning a matter within his knowledge, under such circumstances as would seem to call for his denial and none is made, those statements, and the fact that they were not contradicted, denied, or objected to, become competent evidence against the defendant. They derive their competency from the theory and upon the broad principle that the statements were impliedly ratified and adopted by the accused as his own and constituted a tacit admission on his part though an inaudible one. Silence is inferred assent. If innocent, a reaction and declaration may rationally be expected of him rather than a tame submission. Related to this specific rule is that which admits evidence of the circumstances when the accused makes a reply which of itself is to be regarded as an admission, or when his demeanor, actions, or reactions, apart from any verbal expression, may be construed as an implied acquiescence in the truth of the incriminating statements. His voluntary conduct exhibiting some act of the mind may be regarded as of circumstantial significance and as a display of the consciousness of guilt. Admissibility of this character of evidence as not being tainted by the hearsay stigma is based upon the crystalization of the experience of men that it is contrary to their nature and habits to permit statements to be made in their hearing and presence tending to connect them with an offense for which they may be made to suffer punishment without entering an objection or denial unless they are in some manner repressed or restrained or there is seemingly no natural and proper call for such contradictions. The occurrence is a fact for the jury to interpret as throwing light upon the question of guilt or innocence. Its probative force may be great or...
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