Guardianship of D.A. McW., In re

• Decision Date: 02 February 1983
• Docket Number: No. 81-1568,81-1568
• Citation: 429 So.2d 699
• Parties: In re The GUARDIANSHIP OF D.A. McW., a minor, incompetent.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 699

429 So.2d 699

In re The GUARDIANSHIP OF D.A. McW., a minor, incompetent.

No. 81-1568.

District Court of Appeal of Florida Fourth District.

Feb. 2, 1983.

Motions for Rehearing Granted in Part

and Denied in Part April 20, 1983.

Mitchell B. Luber of Mitchell B. Luber, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, for appellant Albert McW.

Frank E. Maloney, Jr., of Frank E. Maloney, Jr., P.A., Macclenny, for appellee Emma Nero.

ANSTEAD, Judge.

This is an appeal from a final judgment denying the petition of appellant Albert McWhite for the guardianship and custody of his natural child, and awarding custody to appellee, Emma Nero, the maternal grandmother. We must decide on appeal the legal standard to be applied for determining when custody of a child born out of wedlock may be denied to the natural parent.

The child was born on February 5, 1979, to Vicky Ann Nero and McWhite who, although they were never legally married, had a longstanding relationship. Albert McWhite's name appears on the birth certificate, the baptismal certificate, an acknowledgement filed by McWhite at the hospital when the child was born, and on records of the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services and the United States Social Security Administration. Vicky Nero died in an automobile accident on June 25, 1981, and on July 13, 1981, McWhite filed a petition for appointment as custodian and guardian of the child. Emma Nero, the maternal grandmother, counterpetitioned.

McWhite maintained that, from the time the child was three months old, the child stayed with him from Monday to Friday while the mother attended college and he cared for the child's needs. McWhite claimed that he and Vicky Nero planned to marry after she helped her mother to buy a new house. McWhite also claimed to have contributed to the child's medical expenses and to have provided food and clothing. He testified that he paid $15.37 per week to H.R.S. for five months so that Vicky and the child could receive federal welfare benefits while she and he were both in school. At the time of the final hearing McWhite was twenty-one years old. He lived with his parents in a two-bedroom house with an enclosed porch and a backyard. His mother is a nurse's aide. He was employed in his father's office cleaning business earning approximately $500 monthly plus the use of two major credit cards. He drove an automobile and a van belonging to the business. He had completed the course requirements for funeral director and planned to enter that business after taking the state examination. McWhite further testified that he had no objection to Mrs. Nero acting as guardian for any recovery due the child for Vicky's wrongful death; he stated that he only wanted custody of his son.

At the time of the hearing Mrs. Nero was thirty-nine years old and divorced. She lived with her two surviving daughters and worked at Motorola earning $266 to $358 per week plus overtime. She testified that she would take a year's leave of absence if granted custody. Although she refused to stipulate that McWhite is the father of her grandson, Mrs. Nero acknowledged that he always claimed to be, that no one else did, and that she herself gave his name as the child's father in applying for social security benefits. Mrs. Nero also contradicted the testimony of her own witness, Byron McKeaton, that Vicky wanted to have a permanent relationship with McWhite. Mrs. Nero contended that the child had resided in her home with his mother since birth, although she admitted that the child spent "one or two nights" weekly with McWhite. She also insisted that she or Vicky had bought all the food, clothing and toys for the child. She declared that McWhite's failure to furnish support forced her daughter to go on welfare.

Mrs. Nero attempted to demonstrate McWhite's unsuitability as a guardian or custodian through testimony that he handled the boy roughly; that he had once slapped Vicky; and that he was a reckless driver; and that Mrs. McWhite, the paternal grandmother, was an alcoholic. For his part, McWhite was also critical of Mrs. Nero. He asserted that she was mentally unfit; that while she works the child is left with her two daughters who are busy with their boyfriends; that the child would have to share a room with the two aunts; and that the house lacks a tub. The trial court found that both McWhite and the grandmother were fit persons to care for the child. However, on the grounds that the interests of the child would be better In the usual custody case, when the contest is between two parents, both of whom are fit persons and have equal rights to custody, then the polestar test of "best interest of the child" is clearly controlling. Snedaker v. Snedaker, 327 So.2d 72 (Fla. 1st DCA 1976). In other words, all other things being equal, the best interests of the child should control. However, when the contest is between a parent and someone else, the rights of the parent as well as the welfare of the child must be considered. ¹ State ex rel. Sparks v. Reeves, 97 So.2d 18 (Fla.1957). In such cases, the parents' natural right to custody must give way only when the child's welfare requires it or the parent is in some way disabled. In Reeves, for instance, the supreme court approved the temporary grant of custody to the grandparents based upon the father's temporary inability to care for the children after the mother's death, but cautioned that the father would be entitled to custody once the disability was removed.

served, the trial court awarded custody and guardianship to the grandmother with liberal rights of visitation to the father.

Florida courts subscribe to the theory that a parent has a natural right to enjoy the custody, fellowship and companionship of his offspring:

While according to the trial Judge a broad judicial discretion in the matter we nevertheless cannot lose sight of the basic proposition that a parent has a natural God-given legal right to enjoy the custody, fellowship and companionship of his offspring. State ex rel. Weaver v. Hamans, 118 Fla. 230, 159 So. 31. This is a rule older than the common law itself and one which had its inception when Adam and Eve gave birth to Cain in the Garden of Eden. Gen. 4:1. In cases such as this one the only limitation on this rule of parental privilege is that as between the parent and the child the ultimate welfare of the child itself must be controlling.

State ex rel. Sparks v. Reeves, 97 So.2d at 20. Also see In re Vermeulen's Petition, 114 So.2d 192 (Fla. 1st DCA 1959); In re Adoption of Noble, 349 So.2d 1215 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977); Behn v. Timmons, 345 So.2d 388 (Fla. 1st DCA 1977). Implicit in the holding in Sparks v. Reeves is a determination that custody cannot be denied to a natural parent, absent some disability on his part. In a case involving circumstances remarkably similar to those at hand, albeit the father was the legal parent, the court declared:

We are not immune or unsympathetic to the appealing position of the appellee-grandparents. Implicit in the attitudes expressed in the cold record we detect the often-occurring and perhaps perfectly natural attitudes of the parents of a deceased mother who envision themselves as the only persons competent and qualified to bestow upon their daughter's children the love and affection which would have come to them if their mother had lived. This is not an uncommon situation especially when the father of the children remarries. Nevertheless, it must not be lost from mind, by them or the Court, that the custody given them, and the care and devotion which they lovingly and willingly bestow upon the children, rests upon a temporary foundation, namely, the inability of the father at the time to care for them. It can and should continue only so long as such disability on his part continues and the welfare of the children requires.

97 So.2d at 20.

At common law a child born out of wedlock was said to be filius nullius, the Historically, apparently because of dissimilarities in their circumstances, policy considerations and problems of proof, the natural father has been denied the parental rights enjoyed by a natural mother or a married father. The landmark case acknowledging parental rights for unwed fathers is Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972), in which the Supreme Court overturned an Illinois dependency statute that presumed the unfitness of unwed fathers by denying them a hearing to which all married parents, adoptive parents and unwed mothers were entitled. Stanley appeared to be the reflection of a trend that was developing in many states, including Florida. ²

                child of nobody, or filius populi, the child of the people.  The putative father had neither rights nor obligations toward the child and was precluded from establishing his paternity of the child in a legal action.  Ford v. Loeffler, 363 So.2d 23, 24 (Fla. 3d DCA 1978).  From a legal standpoint, such a child simply had no father or mother.  10 Am.Jur.2d § 8 at 848.  But the common law has been abrogated by statute in most jurisdictions, affording rights both to the child and to the parents.  Most jurisdictions now recognize that the mother is the primary natural guardian of her child and the natural father's rights are secondary.  45 A.L.R.3d 216, 220.   Under Florida law the mother's legal right to the care, custody and control of the child is superior to the right of an unwed father unless she is proved to be unfit.  Jones v. Smith, 278 So.2d 339 (Fla. 4th DCA 1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 958, 94 S.Ct. 1486, 39 L.Ed.2d 573 (1974);  see also § 744.301(1), Fla.Stat.  (1981)
                

In 1967 the First District held, in Mixon v. Mize, 198 So.2d 373 (Fla. 1st DCA 1967), that an unwed father who acknowledges his relationship, manifests an interest and provides support should be granted visitation rights, unless detrimental to the child's welfare. The Mixon court also ordered that the natural father be given notice...