Hadley v. Maxwell

• Decision Date: 26 July 2001
• Docket Number: No. 69521-1.,69521-1.
• Court: Washington Supreme Court
• Parties: Harry W. HADLEY and Jewell Hadley, husband and wife and the marital community composed thereof, Respondents, v. John Doe MAXWELL and Helen Maxwell, husband and wife and the marital community composed thereof, Appellants.

27 P.3d 600

144 Wash.2d 306

Harry W. HADLEY and Jewell Hadley, husband and wife and the marital community composed thereof, Respondents, v. John Doe MAXWELL and Helen Maxwell, husband and wife and the marital community composed thereof, Appellants.

No. 69521-1.

Supreme Court of Washington, En Banc.

Argued January 18, 2001.

Decided July 26, 2001.

Lane, Powell, Spears & Lubersky, D. Michael Reilly, Michael Barr King, Seattle, for Petitioners.

Foreman, Arch & Delgado, Ronaldo P. Delgado, Moses Lake; Paine, Hamblen, Coffin, Brooke & Miller, Curtis Lee Shoemaker, Spokane; Calbom & Schwab, George Joseph Schwab, II, Moses Lake; Maltman, Reed, North, Ahrens & Malnati, Michael T. Schein, Seattle, for Respondents.

CHAMBERS, J.

In a contested hearing, Helen Maxwell was found to have committed a lane change violation, a traffic infraction. We are asked to determine whether collateral estoppel effect should be given this finding in a subsequent personal injury action. The offense was minor, and when there is nothing more at stake than a nominal fine, there is little incentive to vigorously litigate the issue. Therefore we hold the determination should not have a collateral estoppel effect in the subsequent civil action.

FACTS

On April 16, 1992, a truck driven by Harry Hadley struck a car driven by Helen Maxwell. Both vehicles were traveling eastbound on I-90 near Moses Lake. The parties tell a conflicting tale of what occurred. Maxwell testified that she had passed her exit and was seeking a way off the freeway. She saw the freeway median was bisected by law enforcement emergency turnarounds. She recounted to the jury that she moved onto the left shoulder and slowed to take a closer look for possible use as a u-turn when she was struck from the rear. Harry Hadley remembered the events differently; he testified that as he approached the slowing Maxwell vehicle, it pulled into the right lane as if to let him pass, and then made a sharp left turn in front of him, causing the impact. Undisputed is that upon impact, Maxwell's Honda rolled before coming to rest, upside-down, on the median.

Maxwell was removed from her car by paramedics and taken to a local hospital for treatment of her injuries. There Trooper Stratton interviewed her. After viewing the scene and talking to both drivers and Jewell Hadley, a passenger in the truck riding with her husband, Trooper Stratton issued Maxwell a traffic infraction for improper lane travel under RCW 46.61.140.

Five months later, Maxwell drove to Grant County District Court from her Tacoma home to contest the citation. She appeared without counsel and did not call Trooper Stratton to testify. The trooper's affidavit was read into evidence by the district court judge. The judge offered Maxwell a continuance to call the officer, but advised her it was unlikely to change his conclusion that she violated the statute. Maxwell declined the continuance. Instead, she argued the officer was factually mistaken. The judge found she had violated RCW 46.61.140, the lane change statute. She was fined $47; if she had paid without contesting the infraction it would have been $95. She did not appeal to superior court, which she was entitled to do.

Some time later, the Hadleys brought this personal injury action against Maxwell. Maxwell counterclaimed for her own injuries. In May 1997, the Hadleys moved for partial summary judgment, asking the trial judge (1) to apply collateral estoppel to block Maxwell from denying she violated RCW 46.61.140, (2) to find as a matter of law that violation proximately caused the Hadleys' injuries, and (3) to find as a matter of law she was negligent. The trial judge granted the first and denied the second and third. The trial judge held the violation of RCW 46.61.140(1) was evidence of negligence, but that whether the violation was a proximate cause of the accident was a question of fact.

From the partial summary judgment order flowed a stricter pretrial order in limine that stated: "defendant may not present any evidence through any witnesses that this accident occurred in a way not involving Helen Maxwell violating RCW 46.61.140." Clerk's Papers (CP) 479 (Order Re: Pl.'s Mot. in Limine, dated June 1, 1998). The court permitted Maxwell to argue any defense consistent with her making an improper lane change.

At trial, Maxwell testified she moved from the left lane to the shoulder and was hit as she was beginning a left-hand turn into the emergency turnaround from the shoulder. The trial judge found her testimony violated his order in limine, since turning left from the shoulder does not violate the lane change statute. Consequently, to enforce his order in limine, the judge instructed the jury: "It has been determined as a matter of law, and therefore is not an issue for you to decide, that Helen Maxwell attempted to enter a median turn-around lane by turning toward it from the right eastbound lane, and thereby violated this statute." CP at 600 (Jury Instruction 8). In effect, this instruction precluded the jury from giving any weight to Maxwell's theory of how the accident occurred, and thus functioned like collateral estoppel. Maxwell's counsel did not assign error on appeal to this instruction.

Substantial evidence was presented on the issue of damages. The jury found Maxwell liable and awarded the Hadleys $136,000. Maxwell appealed, arguing that the court erred in granting collateral estoppel to the district court decision and that the damage award was not supported by the evidence. The Court of Appeals affirmed in a unanimous unpublished decision. Maxwell petitioned for review solely on the collateral estoppel issue, which this Court granted.

ANALYSIS

The question raised flows naturally from the summary judgment order, rather than from the trial judge's application of the rules of evidence. Summary judgment decisions are reviewed de novo by appellate courts. See Reid v. Pierce County, 136 Wash.2d 195, 201, 961 P.2d 333 (1998)

. Therefore, we apply de novo review.¹

Collateral Estoppel

"The doctrine of collateral estoppel is well known to Washington law as a means of preventing the endless relitigation of issues already actually litigated by the parties and decided by a competent tribunal. Collateral estoppel promotes judicial economy and prevents inconvenience, and even harassment, of parties." Reninger v. Dep't of Corrections, 134 Wash.2d 437, 449, 951 P.2d 782 (1998) (citing Hanson v. City of Snohomish, 121 Wash.2d 552, 561, 852 P.2d 295 (1993)). The instant case involves offensive collateral estoppel, where "a plaintiff ... seek[s] to estop a defendant from relitigating the issues which the defendant previously litigated and lost against another plaintiff." Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 329, 99 S.Ct. 645, 58 L.Ed.2d 552 (1979).

Collateral estoppel is not a technical defense to prevent a fair and full hearing on the merits of the issues to be tried. "Washington courts focus on whether the parties to the earlier proceeding had a full and fair hearing on the issue." Neff v. Allstate Ins. Co., 70 Wash.App. 796, 801, 855 P.2d 1223 (1993). We have developed a four-part test to analyze whether a previous litigation should have a collateral estoppel effect on a subsequent litigation. Collateral estoppel requires:

"(1) identical issues; (2) a final judgment on the merits; (3) the party against whom the plea is asserted must have been a party to or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication; and (4) application of the doctrine must not work an injustice on the party against whom the doctrine is to be applied."

Southcenter Joint Venture v. Nat'l Democratic Policy Comm., 113 Wash.2d 413, 418, 780 P.2d 1282 (1989) (quoting Shoemaker v. City of Bremerton, 109 Wash.2d 504, 507, 745 P.2d 858 (1987)).

The parties in this case do not dispute that (1)-(3) are satisfied. The dispute is over the fourth prong, whether application of collateral estoppel will work an injustice against Maxwell.

To determine whether an injustice will be done, respected authorities urge us to consider whether "the party against whom the estoppel is asserted [had] interests at stake that would call for a full litigational effort." 14 Lewis H. Orland & Karl B. Tegland, Washington Practice: Trial Practice, Civil § 373, at 763 (5th ed.1996); see also Parklane, 439 U.S. at 330,

99 S.Ct. 645 (holding incentive to vigorously contest cases with small or nominal damages at stake could be a reason not to apply collateral estoppel); Beale v. Speck, 127 Idaho 521, 903 P.2d 110, 119 (1995) (holding collateral estoppel for misdemeanor traffic offenses generally inappropriate); Rice v. Massalone, 554 N.Y.S.2d 294, 160 A.D.2d 861 (1990) (holding collateral estoppel inappropriate after an administrative determination of liability for a traffic accident). Applying that analysis, the incentive to litigate was low—Maxwell was at risk $95.

In 1981, Washington joined other states in decriminalizing minor traffic offenses. Ch. 46.63 RCW. Commentators have since observed:

The most important objective is the institution of a more expeditious system for handling minor traffic cases.... Law enforcement officials were anxious for a system which would enable them to keep more officers on the street rather than in courtrooms testifying in minor traffic cases. Prosecution and municipal attorneys sought a system which would free them to handle criminal cases more important than minor traffic violations.

Thomas C. Hoemann, Washington's Decriminalization of Minor Traffic Offenses—A Summary of the New Law and Its Effect on the Courts of Limited Jurisdiction, 17 Gonz. L.Rev. 609, 613 (1982) (footnotes omitted). This reform also established a schedule of monetary penalties. RCW 46.63.110. This fee schedule has led critics to analogize this system to a "cafeteria," each infraction coming with a preestablished price. Critics contend the system creates too great an incentive to simply pay the fine...