Helling v. Carey
| Decision Date | 14 March 1974 |
| Docket Number | No. 42775,42775 |
| Citation | 83 Wn.2d 514,519 P.2d 981,67 A.L.R.3d 175 |
| Parties | , 67 A.L.R.3d 175 Morrison P. HELLING and Barbara Helling, his wife, Petitioners, v. Thomas F. CAREY and Robert C. Laughlin, Respondents. |
| Court | Washington Supreme Court |
Olwell, Boyle & Hattrup, Lee Olwell, Seattle, for petitioner.
Williams, Lanza, Kastner & Gibbs, Henry E. Kastner, Seattle, for respondent.
This case arises from a malpractice action instituted by the plaintiff (petitioner), Barbara Helling.
The plaintiff suffers from primary open angle glaucoma. Primary open angle glaucoma is essentially a condition of the eye in which there is an interference in the ease with which the nourishing fluids can flow out of the eye. Such a condition results in pressure gradually rising above the normal level to such an extent that damage is produced to the optic nerve and its fibers with resultant loss in vision. The first loss usually occurs in the periphery of the field of vision. The disease usually has few symptoms and, in the absence of a pressure test, is often undetected until the damage has become extensive and irreversible.
The defendants (respondents), Dr. Thomas F. Carey and Dr. Robert C. Laughlin, are partners who practice the medical specialty of ophthalmology. Ophthalmology involves the diagnosis and treatment of defects and diseases of the eye.
The plaintiff first consulted the defendants for myopia, nearsightedness, in 1959. At that time she was fitted with contact lenses. She next consulted the defendants in September 1963, concerning irritation caused by the contact lenses. Additional consultations occurred in October, 1963; February, 1967; September, 1967; October, 1967; May, 1968; July, 1968; August, 1968; September, 1968; and October, 1968. Until the October 1968 consultation, the defendants considered the plaintiff's visual problems to be related solely to complications associated with her contact lenses. On that occasion, the defendant, Dr. Carey, tested the plaintiff's eye pressure and field of vision for the first time. This test indicated that the plaintiff had glaucoma. The plaintiff, who was then 32 years of age, had essentially lost her peripheral vision and her central vision was reduced to approximately 5 degrees vertical by 10 degrees horizontal.
Thereafter, in August of 1969, after consulting other physicians, the plaintiff filed a complaint against the defendants alleging, among other things, that she sustained severe and permanent damage to her eyes as a proximate result of the defendants' negligence. During trial, the testimony of the medical experts for both the plaintiff and the defendants established that the standards of the profession for that specialty in the same or similar circumstances do not require routine pressure tests for glaucoma upon patients under 40 years of age. The reason the pressure test for glaucoma is not given as a regular practice to patients under the age of 40 is that the disease rarely occurs in this age group. Testimony indicated, however, that the standards of the profession do require pressure tests if the patient's complaints and symptoms reveal to the physician that glaucoma should be suspected.
The trial court entered judgment for the defendants following a defense verdict. The plaintiff thereupon appealed to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the judgment of the trial court. Helling v. Carey, No. 1185--41918--1 (Wn.App., filed Feb. 5, 1973). The plaintiff then petitioned this Court for review, which we granted.
In her petition for review, the plaintiff's primary contention is that under the facts of this case the trial judge erred in giving certain instructions to the jury and refusing her proposed instructions defining the standard of care which the law imposes upon an ophthalmologist. As a result, the plaintiff contends, in effect, that she was unable to argue her theory of the case to the jury that the standard of care for the specialty of ophthalmology was inadequate to protect the plaintiff from the incidence of glaucoma, and that the defendants, by reason of their special ability, knowledge and information, were negligent in failing to give the pressure test to the plaintiff at an earlier point in time which, if given, would have detected her condition and enabled the defendants to have averted the resulting substantial loss in her vision.
We find this to be a unique case. The testimony of the medical experts is undisputed concerning the standards of the profession for the specialty of ophthalmology. It is not a question in this case of the defendants having any greater special ability, knowledge and information than other ophthalmologists which would require the defendants to comply with a higher duty of care than that 'degree of care and skill which is expected of the average practitioner in the class to which he belongs, acting in the same or similar circumstances.' Pederson v. Dumouchel, 72 Wash.2d 73, 79, 431 P.2d 973 (1967). The issue is whether the defendants' compliance with the standard of the profession of ophthalmology, which does not require the giving of a routine pressure test to persons under 40 years of age, should insulate them from liability under the facts in this case where the plaintiff has lost a substantial amount of her vision due to the failure of the defendants to timely give the pressure test to the plaintiff.
The defendants argue that the standard of the profession, which does not require the giving of a routine pressure test to persons under the age of 40, is adequate to insulate the defendants from liability for negligence because the risk of glaucoma is so rare in this age group. The testimony of the defendant, Dr. Carey, however, is revealing as follows:
Q. Now, when was it, actually, the first time any complaint was made to you by her of any field or visual field problem? A. Really, the first time that she really complained of a visual field problem was the August 30th date. (1968) Q. And how soon before the diagnosis was that? A. That was 30 days. We made it on October 1st. Q. And in your opinion, how long, as you nor have the whole history and analysis and the diagnosis, how long had she had this glaucoma? A. I would think she probably had it ten years or longer. Q. Now, Doctor, there's been some reference to the matter of taking pressure checks of persons over 40. What is the incidence of glaucoma, the statistics, with persons under 40? A. In the instance of glaucoma under the age of 40, is less than 100 to one per cent. The younger you get, the less the incidence. It is thought to be in the neighborhood of one in 25,000 people or less. Q. How about the incidence of glaucoma in people over 40? A. Incidence of glaucoma over 40 gets into the two to three per cent category, and hence, that's where there is this great big difference and that's why the standards around the world has been to check pressures from 40 on.
The incidence of glaucoma in one out of 25,000 persons under the age of 40 may appear quite minimal. However, that one person, the plaintiff in this instance, is entitled to the same protection, as afforded persons over 40, essential for timely detection of the evidence of glaucoma where it can be arrested to avoid the grave and devastating result of this disease. The test is a simple pressure test, relatively inexpensive. There is no judgment factor involved, and there is no doubt that by giving the test the evidence of glaucoma can be detected. The giving of the test is harmless if the physical condition of the eye permits. The testimony indicates that although the condition of the plaintiff's eyes might have at times prevented the defendants from administering the pressure test, there is an absence of evidence in the record that the test could not have been timely given.
Justice Holmes stated in Texas & Pac. Ry. v. Behymer, 189 U.S. 468, 470, 23 S.Ct. 622, 623, 47 L.Ed. 905 (1903):
What usually is done may be evidence of what ought to be done, but what ought to be done is fixed by a standard of reasonable prudence, whether it usually is complied with or...
To continue reading
Request your trial
-
Osborn v. Irwin Memorial Blood Bank
...(Keeton, supra, 10 Tex.Tech L.Rev. at pp. 364-365.) The "most famous ... judicial departure from the usual rule" is Helling v. Carey (1974) 83 Wash.2d 514, 519 P.2d 981. (Kinney, supra, 22 U.C.Davis L.Rev. at 442.) In that case, the Washington Supreme Court held ophthalmologists negligent a......
-
State v. A.N.J.
...We accept the State's point that professional standards do not establish minimum Sixth Amendment standards. Cf. Helling v. Carey, 83 Wash.2d 514, 518-19, 519 P.2d 981 (1974) (quoting Texas & Pac. Ry. v. Behymer, 189 U.S. 468, 470, 23 S.Ct. 622, 47 L.Ed. 905 (1903)). "`Courts must in the end......
-
Dickinson v. Edwards
...the failure to routinely use it to be negligence, even though that was not then the standard of the profession. Helling v. Carey, 83 Wash.2d 514, 518-19, 519 P.2d 981 (1974). Where the burden of prevention is small compared to the probability and magnitude of the foreseeable harm, the failu......
-
McKee v. American Home Products, Corp.
...pharmacist violated the standard of due care as a matter of law. That was the ground of our decision in Helling v. Carey, 83 Wash.2d 514, 519, 519 P.2d 981, 67 A.L.R.3d 175 (1974) in which we recognized that, as a matter of law, failure to test for glaucoma in patients under 40 violated the......
-
Toward a Theory of Medical Malpractice
...policy was the 135. For an illustration, see supra notes 76–82 and accompanying text (discussing Day v. Brant ). 136. Helling v. Carey, 519 P.2d 981, 982–83 (Wash. 1974). 1228 IOWA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 97:1201 defendants’ only reason for denying the test to the plaintiff, Barbara Helling, and f......
-
Of swords and shields: the role of clinical practice guidelines in medical malpractice litigation.
...virtually all courts treat conformity with practice within the profession as meeting the standard of the reasonable physician."). (58) 519 P.2d 981 (Wash. (59) See id. at 983 (holding that the court is not bound "by the standards of the ophthalmology profession"). (60) 60 F.2d 737 (2d Cir. ......