Holden Steam Mill Co. v. Westervelt

• Decision Date: 20 December 1877
• Citation: 67 Me. 446
• Parties: HOLDEN STEAM MILL COMPANY v. WILLIAM H. WESTERVELT et al. and trustee.
• Court: Maine Supreme Court

67 Me. 446

HOLDEN STEAM MILL COMPANY v. WILLIAM H. WESTERVELT et al. and trustee.

Supreme Judicial Court of Maine.

December 20, 1877

ON EXCEPTIONS.

ASSUMPSIT for a balance due on shooks, furnished under a written contract, not produced at the trial nor its absence accounted for or waived, $465.20.

The verdict was for the plaintiffs, for the amount claimed; and the defendants alleged exceptions.

A W. Paine, for the defendants.

C N. Hersey, for the plaintiffs.

DANFORTH J.

The writ in this case contains three counts, 1st, on a special contract for the sale and delivery to the defendants of a certain quantity of fruit box shooks; 2d, account annexed 3d, quantum meruit. The case finds that all the counts are for the same cause of action, for shooks furnished under one and the same contract. It further appears that the contract was reduced to writing in three parts, each of which was signed by both parties. The plaintiffs had one, the defendants one, and the other was delivered to the broker. The writing was not produced by either party. The plaintiffs offered some proof of the loss of their part, and then proposed to prove its contents. This was not permitted by the court and such ruling was clearly unobjectionable; for though one copy might be lost parol proof of its contents would not be admissible until the absence of the other parts were duly accounted for. Poignard v. Smith, 8 Pick. 272, 278. Dyer v. Fredericks, 63 Me. 173, 592. There was therefore no proof of the express contract and the court ruled that the action could not be sustained under the first count.

The plaintiffs then proved under the second and third counts " that after the execution of the contract they proceeded to furnish shooks; that the quantity sued for had been furnished, and the value of the same; that a large part of the amount due had been paid, leaving a balance due with interest $2,579.75, which they claimed to recover." This evidence was objected to by the defendants, but received, the court at the same time " excluding all evidence of the terms of the written contract at the defendants' instance." Some further testimony having been introduced by each party in relation to the quality and value of the shooks, the jury were instructed to return " a verdict for the plaintiffs for the shooks delivered at their fair market price; if they were of inferior quality, at their actual value."

If the testimony objected to and received, was legally admissible, the instruction to the jury was right, as there was no testimony in the case upon which the jury could fix the amount of their verdict except that which shew the market price, or actual value of the shooks delivered. Hence the admissibility of the testimony objected to is the real question involved in these exceptions. We think the testimony should have been excluded. Under the written contract it was plainly incompetent for the reason already referred to that no sufficient foundation had been laid for the admission of secondary evidence, and for the additional reason that it did not purport to give the terms or conditions of the contract as it was made by the parties. Under well settled rules of law, the writing was the only legal evidence of the contract, and by rules of law equally well settled, parties must abide by the contract made, unless waived by the same authority which made it. There is no pretense here that the defendants intended to waive their rights under the agreement entered into by them, nor do we see any evidence from which an inference can be drawn, that they have legally become liable under any contract different from that shown by the writing. Yet by the evidence received and the consequent ruling they are made liable under an implied contract for the market price or actual value of the shooks delivered, when in fact the contract was an express one and as appears for a specified price. How far in other respects the two contracts may have differed does not appear, nor is it material for the difference which is apparent is sufficient, and even if none were apparent the defendants had a right to the legal proof of all the terms of their agreement. It is said the defendants should have produced the part in their hands and thus availed themselves of its provisions. It is true they might have done so if it was still in their possession, and it may perhaps be difficult to give any good reason why they did not. But as their reason for withholding it is not apparent, we need not inquire into its propriety. It is enough that they were not bound legally to produce it even if they had it, which does not appear. The plaintiffs are bound to make out their case by the proper testimony, and where the admission is made that the goods were delivered under an express contract in writing, it is sufficient to compel the production of the writing or legally account for its absence. But for this admission it would undoubtedly have been necessary for the defendants to prove the fact, otherwise the recovery of the plaintiffs would have been proper. Without this material fact the plaintiffs' testimony was proper and adapted to, and sufficient under the common counts; with it, for the reasons already given, it became incompetent and insufficient.

It is undoubtedly true as a general proposition that a plaintiff presenting his case with several different causes of action, or the same cause in different forms, failing to sustain one count may recover upon any other in his writ to which his testimony may be adapted and sufficient. But it can hardly be said that testimony is properly adapted to sustain an implied contract when all the acts proved by it are shown by the same or part of the same testimony to have been done under an express contract. When the express contract is shown, it follows, as one of the fundamental principles of the law, that none can be implied. Broom's Legal Maxims, 7 Am. ed. 651.

Nor can the acceptance of the shooks by the defendants, if any were proved, be taken as a waiver on their part of their rights under the express contract. The jury were instructed that they might return a verdict for such as were delivered. It does not appear that the delivery was to the defendants in person. They were shipped to a foreign country, but by whom received, by what...