Hollin v. Johnston County Council On Aging

• Decision Date: 02 January 2007
• Docket Number: No. COA06-310.,COA06-310.
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals
• Parties: Norma G. HOLLIN, Employee, Plaintiff v. JOHNSTON COUNTY COUNCIL ON AGING, Employer, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Carrier, Defendants.

639 S.E.2d 88

Norma G. HOLLIN, Employee, Plaintiff v. JOHNSTON COUNTY COUNCIL ON AGING, Employer, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Carrier, Defendants.

No. COA06-310.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

January 2, 2007.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

Appeal by plaintiff from an opinion and award entered 14 November 2005 by the North Carolina Industrial Commission. Heard in the Court of Appeals 18 October 2006.

Brent Adams & Associates, by Brenton D. Adams and Sheila W. Chavis, Raleigh, for plaintiff-appellant.

Hedrick Eatman Gardner & Kincheloe, L.L.P., by Tonya D. Davis and Bettina Mumme, Raleigh, for defendants-appellees.

HUNTER, Judge.

Norma G. Hollin ("plaintiff") appeals from an opinion and award of the North Carolina Industrial Commission ("the Commission") denying her claim for benefits pursuant to the Workers' Compensation Act. Plaintiff argues that, as she was required to provide her own vehicle for transportation as part of her employment as a health care aide with the Johnston County Council on Aging ("defendant"), the injuries she sustained while traveling to her worksite arose out of and in the course of employment. We agree and therefore reverse the opinion and award of the Commission.

Plaintiff's case came before the Commission on 27 June 2005. The evidence tended to show that plaintiff was employed by defendant as a health care aide providing assistance to patients in their homes. Plaintiff saw the same patients each week and worked regular hours from 8:00 a.m. in the morning until 4:00 p.m. in the afternoon, Monday through Friday. Plaintiff was required to use her own personal vehicle for transportation to her patients' homes, and received reimbursement for travel between patients' homes. However, as part of defendant's company policy, plaintiff was not considered to be working or "on the clock" while traveling from her residence to her first patient's home in the morning and from her last patient's home in the afternoon back to her residence, and she did not receive reimbursement for such travel. Plaintiff earned $6.72 per hour in addition to 31¢ for each mile she traveled between job sites.

On 20 May 2003, plaintiff was traveling to the home of her first patient for the day when she was involved in a head-on collision with another vehicle. As a result of the accident, plaintiff sustained severe injuries to both legs and underwent several surgeries. Plaintiff resigned from her employment with defendant on 16 June 2003 due to the severity of her injuries and the extended period of time she would require to recover.

After considering the evidence, the Commission concluded that plaintiff's injury did not arise "in the course of" her employment and entered an opinion and award denying her claim to benefits.

Plaintiff appeals.

"This Court's review of a decision of the Full Commission is limited to determining whether competent evidence supports the Full Commission's findings of fact, and whether the Full Commission's findings of fact support its conclusions of law." Munoz v. Caldwell Mem'l Hosp., 171 N.C.App. 386, 389, 614 S.E.2d 448, 451 (2005). "However, questions of law are reviewed de novo." Nicholson v. Edwards Wood Prods., 175 N.C.App. 773, 776, 625 S.E.2d 562, 564 (2006). The question of whether a claimant's injury arises in the course of employment is a mixed question of law and fact. Munoz, 171 N.C.App. at 389, 614 S.E.2d at 451. Here, plaintiff does not challenge the Commission's findings, but rather its conclusions of law. We must therefore determine whether the Commission's findings support its conclusion of law that plaintiff's injury did not arise out of and in the course of her employment.

"An employee is entitled to workers' compensation benefits for injuries sustained in an accident arising out of and in the course of employment." Hunt v. Tender Loving Care Home Care Agency, Inc., 153 N.C.App. 266, 269, 569 S.E.2d 675, 678 (2002). The term "arising out of" refers to the cause of the accident, while the term "in the course of" refers to the time, place, and circumstances in which an accident occurred. Id. "The accident must happen during the time and at the place of employment." Id.

The "going and coming rule" provides that "`injuries sustained by an employee while going to or from work are not ordinarily compensable' because the injuries do not arise out of or in the course of employment." Munoz, 171 N.C.App. at 389, 614 S.E.2d at 451 (quoting Bass v. Mecklenburg County, 258 N.C. 226, 231-32, 128 S.E.2d 570, 574 (1962)). This is because "`the risk of injury while traveling to and from work is one common to the public at large,'" Munoz, 171 N.C.App. at 389, 614 S.E.2d at 451 (quoting Creel v. Town of Dover, 126 N.C.App. 547, 555, 486 S.E.2d 478, 482 (1997)), and "[a]n employee is not engaged in the business of the employer while driving his or her personal vehicle to the place of work or while leaving the place of employment to go home." Hunt, 153 N.C.App. at 269, 569 S.E.2d at 678. However, the going and coming rule is subject to the following exceptions:

"(1) an employee is going to or coming from work but is on the employer's premises when the accident occurs (premises exception); (2) the employee is acting in the course of his employment and in the performance of some duty, errand, or mission thereto (special errands exception); (3) an employee has no definite time and place of employment, requiring her to make a journey to perform a service on behalf of the employer (traveling salesman exception); or (4) an employer contractually provides transportation or allowances to cover the cost of transportation (contractual duty exception)."

Munoz, 171 N.C.App. at 390, 614 S.E.2d at 451 (quoting Stanley v. Burns Int'l Sec. Servs., 161 N.C.App. 722, 725, 589 S.E.2d 176, 178 (2003) (citations omitted)).

In the instant case, the Commission rejected plaintiff's arguments that two exceptions to the going and coming rule apply to her case: the "traveling salesman" exception and the "contractual duty" exception. The "traveling salesman" exception states that "[i]f travel is contemplated as part of the employment, an injury from an accident during travel is compensable." Hunt, 153 N.C.App. at 269, 569 S.E.2d at 678. Such claims are compensable because "employees with no definite time and place of employment . . . are within the course of their employment when making a journey to perform a service on behalf of their employer." Creel, 126 N.C.App. at 556-57, 486 S.E.2d at 483. The applicability of the "traveling salesman" exception to a particular case "`depends upon the determination of whether [the] plaintiff had fixed job hours and a fixed job location.'" Munoz, 171 N.C.App. at 390, 614 S.E.2d at 451 (quoting Hunt, 153 N.C.App. at 270, 569 S.E.2d at 678).

Applying the traveling salesman exception to the instant case, the Commission found that plaintiff "worked from 8:00 a.m. in the morning until 4:00 p.m. in the afternoon, Monday through Friday." Although plaintiff worked with patients in their individual homes, plaintiff worked with the same patients each week. The Commission also found that "[p]laintiff would see these same patients until the patient died, got sick, or no longer needed her services." Based on these findings, the Commission concluded that:

Because plaintiff had fixed work hours and saw the same patients each week, her situation is different from a true traveling salesman who might visit a different customer each day. Plaintiff saw the same patients week after week, traveled to the same homes week after week, and therefore she had fixed work locations. Therefore, the traveling salesman exception does not apply to this case.

The findings of fact support the Commission's determination that the traveling salesman exception does not apply to the instant case. See Hunt, 153 N.C.App. at 269-70, 569 S.E.2d at 678-79.

We also agree with the Commission that the "contractual duty" exception does not apply to plaintiff's claim. "The `contractual duty' exception provides that where an employer provides transportation or allowances to cover the cost of transportation, injuries occurring while going to or returning from work are compensable." Id. at 270, 569 S.E.2d at 679. "Where the cost of transporting employees to and from work is made an incident to the contract of employment, compensation benefits have been allowed." Id. Although plaintiff was reimbursed for travel as part of her job, plaintiff admitted that she was not reimbursed for travel to the first patient's home in the morning and from the last patient's home to her home in the afternoon. Plaintiff understood and agreed to this policy at the time she was hired by defendant. Plaintiff was injured as she was traveling to her first patient's home. The Commission concluded that "[p]laintiff was only paid travel reimbursement for travel between patients' homes and defendant-employer did not transport any employees to and from work. Therefore, the contractual duty exception does not apply in this case." The Commission's conclusions are supported by its findings.

We nevertheless agree with plaintiff that her claim was compensable. Plaintiff was required as a condition of employment to use her personal vehicle while at work. "If the employee as part of his or her job is required to bring along his or her own car, truck or motorcycle for use during the working day, the trip to and from work is by that fact alone embraced within the course of employment." 1 Arthur Larson, Larson's Worker's Compensation Law § 15.05(1) (2006). Professor Larson notes that the reasoning behind the rule

is in part related to that of the employer-conveyance cases: the obligations of the job reach out beyond the premises, make the vehicle a mandatory part of the employment environment, and compel the employee to submit to the hazards associated with private motor travel, which otherwise he or she would have the option of avoiding. But...