Hooper v. State
Decision Date | 14 December 1990 |
Citation | 585 So.2d 137 |
Parties | Ex parte State of Alabama. (Re John Edward HOOPER v. STATE). 89-1314. |
Court | Alabama Supreme Court |
Don Siegelman, Atty. Gen., and Beth Slate Poe, Asst. Atty. Gen., for petitioner.
Paul M. Harden and Anthony J. Bishop, Evergreen, and Windell C. Owens, Monroeville, for respondent.
The State asks us to overturn prior cases holding that testimony given under oath at a prior trial and subject to the penalty of perjury is admissible for the purpose of contradiction or impeachment but not as substantive evidence.
The Court of Criminal Appeals, noting that it was "bound by the decisions of [this Court]," held that it had "no alternative to the conclusion that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that the prior inconsistent statement of the prosecutrix could be considered substantive evidence." 1 We reverse and remand.
John Edward Hooper was initially convicted of two counts of second degree rape of his daughter. On his appeal of those convictions, the Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the convictions because the prosecutor had asked improper questions of character witnesses.
The case was retried, and at the retrial, Hooper's daughter, the prosecutrix, recanted her story. The State questioned the daughter about her previous testimony and, thus, introduced into evidence all of her prior testimony concerning the alleged sexual abuse. The trial court, at the request of the State, specifically instructed the jury that it could consider that prior inconsistent testimony as substantive evidence upon which it could base a conviction. 2 The jury found Hooper guilty on both counts.
The Court of Criminal Appeals reversed Hooper's convictions, stating:
Hooper v. State, 585 So.2d at 134-135.
Even though the Court of Criminal Appeals applied the rule of evidence contained in these prior cases, that court, nevertheless, pointed out that the soundness of the rule had been questioned in Randolph v. State, 348 So.2d 858 (Ala.Cr.App.1977), a case that was later described as documenting "wide-spread dissatisfaction with the traditional rule" and as citing cases and writings of many judges and scholars who "have pressed for repudiation of the rule that prior inconsistent statements of a non-party witness have no substantive consequence in a present trial." Hooper v. State, 585 So.2d at 135, quoting Gamble, Howard, & McElroy, The Turncoat or Chameleonic Witness: Use of His Prior Inconsistent Statement, 34 Ala.L.Rev. 1, 18 (1983), which also had cited Randolph.
It is apparent that the Court of Criminal Appeals felt constrained, and rightfully so, to follow this Court's earlier cases holding that prior inconsistent statements could never be used as substantive evidence.
The rule that this Court had previously set out is clear. The reason justifying that rule is that such evidence is "purely hearsay," but courts have found little difficulty in carving out exceptions to the hearsay rule in those many instances when the testimony, even though hearsay, is considered to be credible enough to justify its presentation to a trier of fact.
It is clear to us that the modern trend is to allow a prior inconsistent statement to be used as substantive evidence, provided, of course, that the prior inconsistent statement was given under oath, was subject to the penalty of perjury, and was made at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition. This modern trend is in line with Federal Rule of Evidence 801, which provides:
A number of states have adopted rules of evidence that include a rule substantially similar to Rule 801(d)(1)(A), Fed.R.Evid.
Hooper suggests that this Court should not adopt such a rule of evidence but that if a rule similar to Rule 801(d)(1)(A), Fed.R.Evid., is desirable for Alabama, then the legislature is the proper body to adopt it. We find no limitation upon this Court's power to adopt the rule by Court decision, because this Court has broad powers to adopt rules of procedure. See Amendment 328, § 6.11, Constitution of Alabama, 1901. Other state supreme courts have by case law adopted rules similar to the federal rule. See State v. Almeda, 211 Conn. 441, 560 A.2d 389 (1989), and State v. Whelan, 200 Conn. 743, 513 A.2d 86, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 994, 107 S.Ct. 597, 93 L.Ed.2d 598 (1986); Gibbons v. State, 248 Ga. 858, 286 S.E.2d 717 (1982) ( ). The Georgia Supreme Court set forth some of the benefits from a rule allowing the use of prior inconsistent statements as substantive evidence:
248 Ga. at 864, 286 S.E.2d at 722 (emphasis original).
We should not be understood as expressing any view on the question of whether a prior inconsistent statement not made under oath can be used as substantive evidence when the declarant takes the stand and is subject to cross-examination. That question is not before us.
If this case had been tried in a federal court, it seems that the daughter's prior inconsistent statement would have been admissible as substantive evidence under Rule 801(d)(1)(A), Fed.R.Evid. We think the federal rule is a good rule, that it does not substantially prejudice the rights of a defendant to a fair trial, and that it fosters a search for the truth.
We think that it is time that this Court changed our rule; therefore, after examining the record, considering the arguments of the parties, and reevaluating the rule against using prior inconsistent statements as substantive evidence, we hereby change that rule. We hold that a prior inconsistent statement of a witness who takes the stand and is available for cross-examination may be used as substantive evidence if the prior statement was given under oath subject to the penalty of...
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