Hughes v. Palermo, 67603

• Decision Date: 05 December 1995
• Docket Number: No. 67603,67603
• Citation: 911 S.W.2d 673
• Parties: Celeste A. HUGHES, Plaintiff/Respondent, v. Marcia L. PALERMO, Defendant/Appellant.
• Court: Missouri Court of Appeals

Page 673

911 S.W.2d 673

Celeste A. HUGHES, Plaintiff/Respondent, v. Marcia L. PALERMO, Defendant/Appellant.

No. 67603.

Missouri Court of Appeals,

Eastern District,

Division Two.

Dec. 5, 1995.

James E. Godfrey, Jr., Godfrey and Fenlon, St. Louis, for appellant.

James S. Collins, II, Law Offices of James S. Collins, II, St. Louis, for respondent.

CRANDALL, Judge.

Defendant, Marcia L. Palermo ¹, appeals from a judgment in the amount of $42,500.00, entered pursuant to a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff, Celeste A. Hughes, in an action for bodily injury arising out of an automobile accident. We affirm.

The evidence at trial showed that defendant got in her car to exit a parking lot the evening of February 4, 1990, and discovered her windshield was frosted. Defendant scraped the exterior of her windshield, and attempted to thaw the interior with the defroster. Defendant exited the parking lot and proceeded driving eastbound on Highway 30. As she drove, her passenger leaned in front of her and attempted to scrape the ice off the interior of the windshield, obstructing defendant's view.

At some point, defendant's car entered the westbound lane of Highway 30, traveling approximately 20 to 25 miles per hour. It collided head-on with plaintiff's westbound vehicle, which was traveling approximately 30 to 35 miles per hour. Defendant testified that she did not have time to brake before the collision, and plaintiff also testified that she did not have time to apply her brakes, swerve, or sound her horn.

Plaintiff was taken to an emergency room, where she was examined and x-rayed. The following day, plaintiff consulted her family doctor, complaining of pain in her neck, shoulders, and upper back. She has been treated for these symptoms by several doctors. One doctor testified that plaintiff was suffering from chronic cervical thoracic sprain, and another diagnosed her injury as a cervical and thoracic somatic dysfunction.

Defendant first claims the trial court erred in refusing to submit her comparative fault instruction because plaintiff failed to keep a careful lookout, drove at an excessive speed, and failed to take evasive action.

Preliminarily, we note that defendant did not include this instruction in the argument portion of her brief and thus has failed to preserve the point for our review. Rule 84.04(e). We review defendant's point, ex gratia, and find no error, plain or otherwise. See Rule 84.13(c).

Absent a contrary agreement, parties in a negligence action have the right to have their case submitted to a jury under comparative fault principles if evidence exists from which a jury could find that the plaintiff's conduct was a contributing cause of her damages. Peters v. Brenner, 772 S.W.2d 777, 778 (Mo.App.1989). The instruction must be supported by substantial evidence, not mere speculation or conjecture. Id. In determining whether such an instruction is supported by substantial evidence, the evidence must be viewed in a light most favorable to the party offering the instruction. Jones v. Freese, 743 S.W.2d 454, 458 (Mo.App.1987). On submission of negligent failure to avoid a collision, the evidence must establish sufficient time and distance, considering the movements and speeds of vehicles, to enable plaintiff to take effective action. McCoy v. Hershey Chocolate Co., 655 S.W.2d 128, 130 (Mo.App.1983).

Here, the evidence revealed the plaintiff had an unobstructed view of the roadway for approximately three or four car lengths prior to impact. Plaintiff was traveling 30 to 35 miles per hour. Defendant was traveling approximately 20 to 25 miles per hour. Plaintiff and defendant each testified that they did not have time to stop, swerve or honk. No testimony or evidence was offered to establish the distance between the two vehicles when defendant's car entered plaintiff's lane. Without this information, a jury could only speculate as to whether time existed for the plaintiff to take evasive action after defendant's car crossed the centerline. Defendant's first point is denied.

In her second point, defendant contends the court erred in refusing to direct a verdict because plaintiff failed to prove her medical bills were reasonable and necessary or that they were causally connected to the collision. Defendant also claims she was precluded from submitting a withdrawal instruction due to the nature of the evidence.

Recovery of medical expenses incurred as a result of negligence in a personal injury action depends upon proof of necessity and reasonableness of the medical expenses incurred. Schaeffer v. Craden, 800 S.W.2d 165, 166 (Mo.App.1990). A plaintiff's payment of charges is substantial evidence of their reasonableness. Wright v. Fox-Stanley Photo Products, Inc., 639 S.W.2d 407, 410 (Mo.App.1982).

Here, plaintiff testified that her medical bills totalled $7,171.31. She stated that not all of those bills had been paid. When her attorney asked which ones had not been paid, she testified:

A: The hospital is not totally paid off, St. John's Mercy.

Q: Do you know about how...