Hunt, In re

• Decision Date: 27 January 1995
• Docket Number: No. 93-397,93-397
• Citation: 658 A.2d 919,163 Vt. 383
• Parties: In re Gordon HUNT.
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court

Page 919

658 A.2d 919

163 Vt. 383

In re Gordon HUNT.

No. 93-397.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

Jan. 27, 1995.

Motion for Reargument Denied

March 16, 1995.

Robert Appel, Defender Gen., and William A. Nelson, Appellate Defender, Montpelier, for petitioner-appellant.

Gary S. Kessler, Supervising Appellate Prosecutor, Montpelier, and Terry Trono, Washington County State's Atty., Barre, for respondent-appellee.

Before DOOLEY and JOHNSON, JJ., VALENTE and JENKINS, Superior Judges, and FISHER, District Judge, Specially Assigned.

JOHNSON, Justice.

Petitioner was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to a term of thirty years to life imprisonment. He appeals from the superior court's denial of his petition for post-conviction relief, in which he argued that he was denied his due process right to an impartial tribunal because former Associate Justice William Hill manipulated his case on the basis of the justice's friendship with former Assistant Judge Jane Wheel. We affirm the dismissal of the petition, but on different grounds than those relied on by the superior court.

I.

The relevant facts, described more fully in In re Hill, 152 Vt. 548, 562-70, 568 A.2d 361, 369-73 (1989), are as follows. Petitioner was charged with first-degree murder in 1982. He negotiated a plea bargain in which he agreed to plead guilty to second-degree murder in exchange for a minimum term not to exceed ten years to life imprisonment. Although the presiding judge would have accepted the plea bargain, both assistant judges wanted to reject the agreement. The presiding judge did not challenge the assistant judges' authority to take part in the decision, and, accordingly, noted upon the record that "the judgement of the Court is that the plea agreement as proposed is rejected." Petitioner took an interlocutory appeal to this Court, arguing that lay assistant judges lack authority to overrule the presiding judge on whether to accept or reject a plea bargain. On May 11, 1984, Justice Hill voted with the majority of this Court in a 4-1 decision that affirmed the order rejecting the plea agreement. State v. Hunt, 145 Vt. 34, 485 A.2d 109 (1984) (hereinafter Hunt I ).

Shortly after remand to the trial court, petitioner moved for the disqualification of one of the assistant judges, Jane Wheel, when he learned that she had attempted to influence the outcome of the interlocutory appeal by pressuring the Attorney General to support the assistant judges' position in the matter. The presiding judge granted the motion. Judge Wheel then filed a petition for extraordinary relief, addressed to Justice Hill, challenging her disqualification. Justice Hill stayed the presiding judge's order, and, in January 1985, this Court vacated the order disqualifying Judge Wheel but transferred venue in petitioner's case from the Chittenden Superior Court to the Lamoille Superior Court. Petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration, which was denied by a 4-1 vote, with Justice Hill in the majority.

In April 1985, petitioner was tried and convicted of first-degree murder in the Lamoille Superior Court. He appealed the conviction, and, in March 1987, while the appeal was pending, he moved for summary reversal of the conviction, charging that Justice Hill had improperly manipulated his case. The motion alleged that Justice Hill had conspired with Judge Wheel, based on his personal relationship with her, to have his case moved from the Chittenden Superior Court.

At the time the motion was heard, charges of misconduct against Justice Hill were pending in a proceeding before the Judicial Conduct Board. In March 1988, a panel of the Board issued a report finding, among other things, insufficient proof of allegations that Justice Hill and Judge Wheel improperly discussed issues pending in the Hunt I appeal, or that Justice Hill conspired with Judge Wheel to bring about a change in venue in petitioner's case. The Board adopted the panel's report.

Four months later, in September 1988, this Court issued a one-line entry order denying petitioner's motion for summary reversal. Shortly thereafter, this Court affirmed petitioner's conviction. State v. Hunt, 150 Vt. 483, 555 A.2d 369 (1988) (hereinafter Hunt II ). In that case, we rejected petitioner's argument that the change of venue denied him a fair trial, concluding that he had failed to demonstrate prejudice resulting from the venue change.

In June 1992, petitioner filed the instant complaint, in which he argues that he was denied his due process right to an impartial tribunal in the proceedings culminating in both the Hunt I decision and this Court's January 1985 order transferring venue in his case. He requested that the superior court vacate his conviction and "grant such other and further relief as it deems proper and equitable under the circumstances." At a status conference, the superior court asked the parties to brief the question of whether this Court's September 1988 order denying petitioner's motion for summary reversal constituted a decision on the merits, thereby barring consideration of petitioner's post-conviction relief claims. After hearing argument from the parties, the court dismissed the petition based on its conclusion that petitioner was precluded from relitigating his claims for relief because this Court had already considered and rejected these claims in Hunt II and in its order denying summary reversal.

On appeal, petitioner argues that (1) because he has never had an opportunity to prove the allegations raised in his petition, neither Hunt II nor this Court's order denying summary reversal preclude him from collaterally attacking his conviction on the ground that Justice Hill and Judge Wheel corruptly manipulated his case; and (2) Justice Hill's participation in Hunt I and the decision transferring venue in petitioner's trial constitutes a "structural" defect that is not subject to harmless-error analysis. Petitioner's position is that Justice Hill's contacts with, and efforts in support of, Judge Wheel denied his right to due process by creating, at minimum, the appearance that Justice Hill was biased, thereby requiring reversal of his conviction.

II.

We conclude that, even assuming Hunt I and the venue-change order were tainted by Justice Hill's conduct, petitioner has already received the only available remedy--a fair trial. Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of his petition without addressing his first argument. See In re Graziani, 156 Vt. 278, 280, 591 A.2d 91, 93 (1991) (decision of trial court may be affirmed on any legal ground, even if the trial court's ruling is based upon another ground).

A. A New Trial Is Not an Appropriate Remedy

Petitioner argues that Justice Hill's participation in Hunt I and the venue-change order amounted to "structural error" that tainted his ensuing conviction. He concedes that he received a fair trial, albeit in a different venue than he would have preferred. Therefore, if petitioner is to prevail on this argument, he must show that the improper conduct of Justice Hill on appeal so seriously affected the entire judicial process that it is necessary to ignore the fair trial he received to vindicate the "fundamental values of our judicial system and our society as a whole." See Rose v. Mitchell, 443 U.S. 545, 556, 99 S.Ct. 2993, 3000, 61 L.Ed.2d 739 (1979) (because discrimination on basis of race in selection of grand jury strikes at fundamental values of judicial system and society as whole, reversal of ensuing conviction is warranted without inquiry whether defendant was prejudiced by discrimination).

The United States Supreme Court has reversed convictions, without any consideration of whether the defendant was prejudiced by a claimed constitutional error, when the error necessarily cast doubt on the fairness of the defendant's trial. Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 577, 592, 106 S.Ct. 3101, 3105-06, 3113, 92 L.Ed.2d 460 (1986) (majority and dissent agree that automatic reversal required when constitutional errors "necessarily render a trial fundamentally unfair"). For example, the Court has refused to consider whether errors were harmless in cases involving a biased trial judge, the total deprivation of the right to counsel at trial, the right to self-representation at trial, the right to a public trial, and the unlawful exclusion of members of the defendant's race from a grand jury. Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 309-10, 111 S.Ct. 1246, 1264-65, 113 L.Ed.2d 302 (1991) (citing cases). Each of the cases in which the Court has refused to apply harmless-error analysis involved a "structural defect" that affected the framework in which the trial proceeded, and thus, prevented the trial from serving its function as a vehicle for determining the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Id.; see Clark, 478 U.S. at 578, n. 6, 106 S.Ct. at 3106, n. 6 (errors that "either aborted the basic trial process, or denied it altogether" could never be harmless) (citations omitted).

Petitioner relies principally on the decision in Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 254, 106 S.Ct. 617, 88 L.Ed.2d 598 (1986), for the proposition that judicial bias not directly affecting the trial should be treated as a structural error that requires reversal of the conviction without any consideration of whether the defendant was prejudiced. In Vasquez, the Court continued a long line of precedent holding that racial discrimination in the grand jury process invalidates a conviction, even if the conviction is obtained after an error-free trial. 474 U.S. at 260-61, 106 S.Ct. at 621-22. The Court reasoned that the power vested in the grand jury to frame the indictment, to charge a greater or lesser number of offenses, and to decide the seriousness of the charges, including whether the offenses are capital or noncapital, affects the nature or very existence of the subsequent trial. Id. at 263, 106 S.Ct. at 623. According to the Court, because racial discrimination in the selection...