Hunter v. City of Eugene

• Decision Date: 22 February 1990
• Citation: 787 P.2d 881,309 Or. 298
• Parties: , 58 Ed. Law Rep. 1341, 17 Media L. Rep. 1507 Joan HUNTER; Peter H. Ogan; Don Cataldo; Nancy Oft-Rose; Richard Doering; Curt Sexton; Peter Mandrapa; Tom Wiper; Lawrence Von Seeger; Geraldine Tomseth; Susan Chubb; Paul Hymes; Patricia Mahoney; Donald Adkins; Linda Ague; Kathleen Susan Bear; Dan O'Neil; Ken Shindledecker; Gordon Roberts, Plaintiffs, v. CITY OF EUGENE, a municipal corporation; William L. De Forrest; Everett Hall; Michael Gleason; Merle Olson; Dave Arts; Pat Ryan; Enes Smith; Darwin Dragt; Rick Gilliam; Mike Southey; Roland Carter; Gary Van Riper; Dennis Baker; Paul Schwartz; Jim Fields; Verne Hoyer; Rick Raynor; Mike Galick; Mike Cline; Don Norenberg; David Biggs; Tom Brett; James Green; Robert Wilson; Gary West; William Speicher; Jan Clements and other John Doe Defendants Twenty-Five Through Fifty, Defendants. USDC 88-6164-E; SC S36101.
• Court: Oregon Supreme Court

Page 881

787 P.2d 881

309 Or. 298, 58 Ed. Law Rep. 1341, 17

Media L. Rep. 1507

Joan HUNTER; Peter H. Ogan; Don Cataldo; Nancy Oft-Rose Richard Doering; Curt Sexton; Peter Mandrapa; Tom Wiper Lawrence Von Seeger; Geraldine Tomseth; Susan Chubb; Paul Hymes; Patricia Mahoney; Donald Adkins; Linda Ague Kathleen Susan Bear; Dan O'Neil; Ken Shindledecker Gordon Roberts, Plaintiffs, v. CITY OF EUGENE, a municipal corporation; William L. De Forrest; Everett Hall; Michael Gleason; Merle Olson; Dave Arts; Pat Ryan; Enes Smith; Darwin Dragt; Rick Gilliam; Mike Southey; Roland Carter; Gary Van Riper; Dennis Baker; Paul Schwartz; Jim Fields; Verne Hoyer; Rick Raynor; Mike Galick; Mike Cline; Don Norenberg; David Biggs; Tom Brett; James Green; Robert Wilson; Gary West; William Speicher; Jan Clements and other John Doe Defendants Twenty-Five Through Fifty, Defendants.

USDC 88-6164-E; SC S36101.

Supreme Court of Oregon.

Argued and Submitted Sept. 6, 1989.

Decided Feb. 22, 1990.

Robert D. Durham, of Durham, Drummonds, Smith & Wiser, Portland, argued the cause and filed the briefs for plaintiffs.

William F. Gary, of Harrang, Long, Watkinson, Arnold & Laird, P.C., Eugene, argued the cause for defendants. With him on the brief were Jens Schmidt and Milo R. Mecham, Eugene.

John Paul Graff, of Graff & O'Neil, Portland, filed a brief on behalf of amicus curiae American Civ. Liberties Union of Oregon, Inc.

David A. Ernst, of Bullivant, Houser, Bailey, Pendergrass & Hoffman, Portland, filed a brief on behalf of amicus curiae The Ass'n of Oregon Counties. With him on the brief was Douglas R. Andres, Portland.

Before PETERSON, C.J., and CARSON, LINDE, ^* JONES, GILLETTE, VAN HOOMISSEN and FADELEY, JJ.

JONES, Justice.

This is a certified question proceeding. ORS 28.200 to ORS 28.255. Plaintiffs, a group of teachers and a news reporter, filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Oregon against the City of Eugene (the City) and officials and police officers employed by the City (the Officials and Officers).

Plaintiffs allege that six teacher-picketers (plaintiffs Hunter, Ogan, Cataldo, Oft Rose, Doering, and Sexton) and the radio news director (plaintiff Roberts), collectively known as "Plaintiff Group I," were attacked by club-wielding city police officers acting within the scope of their employment and driven from their respective locations on or near a strike picket line at Churchill High School on April 27, 1987. These plaintiffs allege that the police officers were acting under directions from their supervisors and "used substantially more force than was necessary to accomplish any legitimate law enforcement objectives." The teacher-picketers allege that the conduct of the police officers interfered with their

"opportunity to engage in picketing, to move freely about, and to communicate by word and by picket sign at the site of an important public controversy and labor dispute."

News director Roberts also alleged that the conduct of the defendants

"substantially interfered with the ability and opportunity of Gordon Roberts to report on the events which he observed and to speak with persons at the scene to gather facts, opinions and other newsworthy information for purposes of news reporting."

These plaintiffs allege that the police assault at Churchill High School

"caused substantial physical injuries, bruises, contusions, swelling, pain, interference with sleep and other personal habits, emotional distress and embarrassment."

In addition, the news director alleged that city officials shunned him, failed and refused to answer his telephone calls, declined to speak with him about the teacher strike and other matters, and substantially interfered with his ability to carry out his employment responsibilities. These plaintiffs claim substantial general damages and special damages. The plaintiffs in Plaintiff Group I also allege

"in the alternative that in carrying out the tortious conduct described in this claim for relief, the individual police officers were acting outside the scope of their employment, and in that event, those plaintiffs should recover general and special damages from those officers without the limitation of ORS 30.270, and substantial punitive damages from those officers [because they acted willfully, intentionally and for the purpose of vexing, injuring and annoying those persons]."

The remaining plaintiffs, who are also teachers, allege that they were engaged in protected expressive activity in support of the teacher strike in Eugene, and were arrested by Eugene police officers, and that the arrests interfered with their legitimate free speech rights, liberty, and freedom of movement, and caused substantial general and special damages.

All plaintiffs seek to impose liability for damages on defendants City of Eugene, its administrators and police officers for the assaults on and arrests of plaintiffs, as well as to recover reasonable attorney fees. Plaintiffs alleged seven claims for relief:

1. Violations of First and Fourteenth Amendments;

2. Tort action under Article I, section 8, of the Oregon Constitution;

3. Assault and battery;

4. Intentional infliction of emotional distress;

5. False arrest and imprisonment;

6. Defamation;

7. Negligence.

Defendants moved to dismiss the state constitutional claim on the ground that it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. They contended that Article I, section 8, does not give rise to a private right of action for damages. The District Court granted plaintiffs' motion for certification because it appeared that there is no controlling Oregon precedent, and this court accepted review. The certified questions are:

"(1) May persons whose rights under Article I, section 8 of the Oregon Constitution were allegedly violated by a municipality and by municipal employees bring an action for damages against the municipality and its employees directly under the Oregon Constitution?

"(2) If so, are the damages and attorney fees alleged by plaintiffs in this case recoverable in such an action?

"(3) If the answer to the first question is yes, would the claim be subject to the following defenses:

"(a) comparative fault;

"(b) sovereign immunity;

"(c) qualified immunity of the type available to municipal employees in actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983;

"(d) the immunity defenses available under the Oregon Tort Claims Act, ORS 30.265-(2)-(3)?"

We begin by examining the first certified question because, if the answer to that question is no, we need not answer the other two certified questions. We hold that plaintiffs may not bring an action for damages against defendants directly under Article I, section 8, of the Oregon Constitution, which provides:

"No law shall be passed restraining the free expression of opinion, or restricting the right to speak, write, or print freely on any subject whatever; but every person shall be responsible for the abuse of this right."

Violation of a state constitutional right does not presently per se result in a civil or criminal sanction. The first certified question thus presents an issue of first impression for this court. On the other hand, the United States Supreme Court has in this generation recognized an implied private right of action for damages for federal constitutional violations, although not without deep and spirited debate on the propriety of, preferred analytic methods for, and limitations upon such actions. See, e.g., Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980).

Of course, the judiciary has no authority without legislation to put a person in jail for violating a constitutional right. By like token, we are very reluctant to impose any civil responsibility in the form of damages for violation of such a right, absent specific legislation or clear legislative intent. Cf. IBob Godfrey Pontiac v. Roloff, 291 Or. 318, 329, ...