Hutchinson v. Lott

• Decision Date: 07 April 1959
• Docket Number: No. A-452,A-452
• Citation: 110 So.2d 442
• Parties: C. W. HUTCHINSON, Appellant, v. Willie LOTT, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 442

110 So.2d 442

C. W. HUTCHINSON, Appellant, v. Willie LOTT, Appellee.

No. A-452.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, First District.

April 7, 1959.

Rehearing Denied April 21, 1959.

Richard W. Ervin, Atty. Gen., and T. Paine Kelly, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellant.

Edward L. Bush, Palatka, for appellee.

STURGIS, Chief Judge.

This is a suit for damages based on a civil action of assault. The complaint alleged that the defendant 'unlawfully, maliciously and feloniously assaulted the plaintiff' by aiming a pistol at him and 'thereby causing the plaintiff to be in fear of bodily harm and life.' There was no allegation of property damage and none proved.

The defendant was a Wildlife Officer with the State Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission in Putnam County, Florida. Upon being informed that some persons were engaged in 'monkey fishing' ¹ on a nearby river, the defendant set out in his boat in an attempt to find the offenders. Shortly he recognized the plaintiff and another man engaged in the unlawful activity. The defendant was in his official uniform and was operating a patrol boat to which was attached a blinking red light. The plaintiff admitted that within 500 yards of his position he recognized the defendant whom he knew as a Wildlife Officer, but failed to yield to his commands to stop. The officer got close enough to grab onto the plaintiff's boat but in doing so he slightly crushed his hand which gave the plaintiff and his companion an opportunity to steer their boat away from him. As they drove away the defendant officer fired a shot at their motor, according to him 'at close range but beyond the point of any danger of the bullets richocheting or hitting anybody. * * *' The plaintiff and his companion successfully fled from the officer, who returned to shore and swore out an affidavit for his arrest. The plaintiff was subsequently found not guilty of the charge.

The defendant was familiar with the type of motor on the plaintiff's boat and it was admitted by both parties that the officer was not shooting at the plaintiff but was aiming at the ignition on the motor. However, the plaintiff testified that he was afraid that the defendant would shoot him 'if it got to that.' One of his foremost fears was that he would be arrested and have his fishing equipment confiscated. The plaintiff apparently was unaffected physically by the incident except for being 'shaky' for a day. The plaintiff admitted that he had been arrested four times for monkey fishing, 'one time by the present defendant,' and had pled guilty to two of the charges.

The defendant testified that he did not bear any malice toward the two men in attempting to apprehend them and that his sole purpose was to bring them to justice because they had violated the law in his presence.

On the basis of this evidence a verdict of $115 compensatory damages and $5,000 punitive damages was returned. A motion for new trial was denied and this appeal subsequently followed. The question to be determined is, was there sufficient proof of actual damages to sustain that award, and if so, was the jury authorized on the basis of the evidence to inflict punitive damages?

The defendant was attempting to arrest the plaintiff for a violation of the laws under the supervision of the Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, committed in his presence. The Commission and its duly authorized agents have the power to arrest upon probable cause without a warrant any person found violating any of the game and fresh water fish conservation laws, rules, or regulations. F.S. § 372.07, F.S.A. All such conservation officers are constituted police officers with the power to make arrests for violation of the laws of this state and the rules and regulations of the board of conservation under their jurisdiction. F.S. § 370.02(7), F.S.A.

In Florida a police officer may arrest without a warrant when there is a misdemeanor being committed in his presence. F.S. § 901.15, F.S.A. Under such circumstances he may use such force in arresting the misdemeanant as is necessary to effect his purpose and to a great extent he is the judge of the degree of force to be used. However, the jury in a civil action of this nature is the final arbiter of the amount of force which could properly be used under the particular circumstances. The measure of necessary force is generally considered to be that which an ordinary prudent and intelligent person, with the knowledge and in the situation of the arresting officer, would have deemed necessary under the circumstances. Dixon v. State, 101 Fla. 840, 132 So. 684.

It is generally conceded that an officer in attempting to arrest a person charged with a misdemeanor is not justified in shooting or killing him either to effect the arrest or to stop his flight unless the misdemeanant forcibly resists arrest to the point that the officer must act in self-defense. Edgin v. Talley, 169 Ark. 662, 276 S.W. 591, 42 A.L.R. 1194; State v. Dunning, 177 N.C. 559, 98 S.E. 530, 3 A.L.R. 1166, 1170.

We have no Florida precedent dealing with the precise question of the use of firearms as an aid in effecting the arrest under the circumstances where, as in the case on review, the arresting officer has made no attempt to shoot the lawbreaker and the shots fired do no kill or injure him. However, a review of decisions from other jurisdictions leads us to the conclusion that the accepted rule is that when a misdemeanant flees to avoid arrest an officer is justified in firing shots to effect...