In re Grand Jury Proceedings

• Decision Date: 12 September 1972
• Citation: 349 F. Supp. 417
• Parties: In re GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Northern District of Ohio

349 F. Supp. 417

In re GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS.

United States District Court, N. D. Ohio, E. D.

September 12, 1972.

William L. Fry, Dept. of Justice, Antitrust Div., Cleveland, Ohio, for petitioner.

Gerald W. Palmer, Jones, Day, Cockley & Reavis, Cleveland, Ohio, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

LAMBROS, District Judge.

The Government has moved for a court order compelling Samuel Moore and Company ("Samuel Moore") to comply with a subpoena duces tecum and, in particular, to produce for the grand jury twelve appointment calendars used and maintained by executives of Samuel Moore.

In opposition to the Government's motion, Samuel Moore makes two arguments. First, Samuel Moore asserts that the appointment calendars are personal rather than corporate documents and that, therefore, the individual officers have a right to protect disclosure by asserting the privilege against self-incrimination. Second, it contends that by directing the subpoena against the corporation rather than against individual officers, the Government would achieve indirectly what it could not achieve directly—the denial of the right of each officer to raise his privilege against self-discrimination.

I. BACKGROUND OF THIS DISPUTE

On May 31, 1972, the Antitrust Division served Samuel Moore with a subpoena duces tecum demanding the production of certain documents. On June 19, 1972, the return date specified, Samuel Moore complied with the subpoena. However, it refused to supply the documents described in Paragraph 5 of the attachment to the subpoena.¹

Samuel Moore admitted the existence of twelve documents which would "fall under" Paragraph 5. In particular, six of the documents are appointment calendars used and maintained for the years 1969, 1970 and 1971 by the president and vice president of Samuel Moore. The remaining six are appointment calendars used and maintained for the year 1972 by the above mentioned officers and four other officers.

II. SCOPE OF PRIVILEGE

In defining the scope of the fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination, the courts have traditionally distinguished between corporate and personal documents. Unlike a natural person, a corporation may be compelled to produce documents of its business operations even when the documents are incriminating.

The rationale for the distinction was explained by the United States Supreme Court in Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. 43, 73-75, 26 S.Ct. 370, 50 L.Ed. 652 (1906), and has been cited with approval by the Court in later decisions. Wilson v. United States, 221 U.S. 361, 380, 31 S. Ct. 538, 55 L.Ed. 771, 779 (1911); United States v. White, 322 U.S. 694, 699-700, 64 S.Ct. 1248, 88 L.Ed. 1542, 1546 (1944); McPhaul v. United States, 364 U.S. 372, 380, 81 S.Ct. 138, 5 L.Ed.2d 136, 143 (1960). The Court based its reasoning on the practical effect and legal form of the corporation.

The Court recognized that the corporation has certain powers which permit it to carry on business differently than a natural person, and that, as a practical matter, enforcement of laws to prevent abuse of these powers would be difficult if the corporation were permitted to refuse to produce books and documents. Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. at 74, 26 S.Ct. 370.

In addition, the Court based its distinction on the legal form of the corporation as a creature of the state. It found that the legislature had reserved the right to find out whether the corporation had exceeded the powers granted it by compelling the production of corporate records. Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. at 74, 75, 26 S.Ct. 370.

In applying this reasoning to distinguish corporate and personal documents, the courts have examined the nature of the documents and the capacity in which the documents are held. Wilson v. United States, 221 U.S. at 380, 31 S.Ct. 538. If, for example, the papers are kept by the individual in his capacity as an officer, they cannot be the subject of personal privilege, even though they may tend to personally incriminate the officer. McPhaul v. United States, 364 U.S. at 380, 81 S.Ct. 138. Furthermore, if the character of the papers is such that the officer cannot properly discharge his corporate duties without keeping them, they are considered corporate documents. In Matter of Grand Jury Investigation, 338 F.Supp. 1379, at 1380 (W.D.Pa.1972) (a case involving appointment calendars of corporate executives).

In this case, Samuel Moore contends that the calendars should be considered personal for the following reasons: (1) they are kept only by the officer and his secretary; (2) they are not used to communicate to other members of the corporation; (3) the corporation does not require that the officer keep a calendar; (4) the corporation does not require that the calendar be saved; (5) the calendar is not kept in corporation files; and (6) no other employee has the right to see the calendar.

The Government counters that the calendars are used primarily for corporate business and not primarily for personal or private business matters and argues that the facts concerning the custody and control of the calendars are not relevant to the Court's determination of their character. Furthermore, the Government warns that to allow corporate officers to shield these documents from discovery would create a substantial loophole to avoid grand jury investigation.

Considering the rationale for the distinction between personal and corporate documents, the Court finds the Government's analysis of the facts in this case to be most persuasive. As in In Matter of Grand Jury Investigation, 338 F.Supp. 1379, at 1380 (W.D.Pa.1972), the documents involved in this case are calendars which, as a practical matter, a corporate executive must maintain in his office to discharge his duties. The primary purpose of keeping them is apparently to record business appointments. There is no indication that notations of personal matters on the office calendars were anything more than an incidental use. See United States v. American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corp., 278 F.Sup. 608, 616 (W.D.Pa.1967).

Furthermore, the Court finds the evidence of custody and maintenance of the calendars by the executive and his secretary to be inadequate to counterbalance the essential corporate character of the documents. In...