In re E.J.D.
| Decision Date | 02 August 2013 |
| Docket Number | 108,877.,108,876 |
| Parties | In the matter of E.J.D., a Juvenile. |
| Court | Kansas Supreme Court |
Rhonda K. Levinson, of Levinson & Levinson PA, of Basehor, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellant.
Joan Lowdon, assistant county attorney, argued the cause, and Todd Thompson, county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with her on the brief for appellee.
On review of an unpublished opinion by the Court of Appeals, E.J.D. challenges the revocation of the stay of his adult sentence in an extended-jurisdiction juvenile proceeding and the denial of his motion for downward departure following the revocation of the stay.
E.J.D. experienced several encounters with the judicial system that precipitated the present appeal. On December 3, 2008, the State filed a complaint alleging that E.J.D. had committed one count of aggravated robbery and two counts of criminal threat in case number 2008–JV–000278. The aggravated robbery count alleged that E.J.D. had used a paintball gun to facilitate forcibly appropriating property that included a digital camera, a cell phone, $1 in cash, and a baseball cap from the victim. The State subsequently moved to certify him as an adult under K.S.A.2008 Supp. 38–2347. The district court eventually denied the motion for adult certification and sentenced E.J.D. to a term of 51 months in a juvenile facility and an extended-jurisdiction adult sentence of 94 months.
On January 28, 2009, the State filed a complaint in case number 2009–JV–000011, alleging that E.J.D., while confined in the juvenile facility, committed two counts of battery on juvenile detention officers, a severity level 5 person felony. He entered a plea of no contest, and the district court adjudicated him an offender on the first count and dismissed the second count. The court denied the State's motion to prosecute E.J.D. as an adult but determined that a preponderance of evidence demonstrated that the proceedings should be designated as an extended-jurisdiction juvenile prosecution under K.S.A.2008 Supp. 38–2347. The court sentenced him to a term of 36 months in a juvenile correctional facility, with 24 months' aftercare. The court also sentenced him to an adult criminal sentence of 32 months with 36 months' postrelease supervision, with the sentence to run concurrent with the adult sentence in case 2008–JV–000278. The court stayed the adult criminal sentence on the condition that he not violate the provisions of the juvenile sentence and on the condition that he not commit a new offense.
On August 4, 2011, the State filed a motion to revoke the stay of execution of the adult sentence. The State based its motion on 86 disciplinary violations committed by E.J.D. while in custody and specified one particular act of alleged battery on another resident.
On September 12, 2011, the State amended its motion to include a second incident of battery on another resident.
E.J.D. then filed a motion for a lesser sentence and a durational departure from his sentence in 2009–JV–000011. The district court denied the motion and determined that he had committed an act that would constitute a criminal act if perpetrated by an adult and ordered him committed to the custody of the Department of Corrections for 32 months, less time already served in juvenile custody.
In an unpublished opinion issued on August 2, 2013, the Court of Appeals affirmed the district court. In re E.J.D., No. 108,876, –––Kan.App.2d ––––, 2013 WL 3970205 (Kan.App.2013) (unpublished opinion). This court granted E.J.D.'s petition for review on both issues that he raised in his petition. He did not seek review of a constitutional challenge that he raised in the Court of Appeals.
The first question that we address is whether the statutory scheme allows a juvenile defendant to seek a downward departure upon the lifting of the stay on his adult sentence. We agree with the analysis set forth by the Court of Appeals and affirm its holding that the statutory scheme does not allow modification of an adult sentence after a determination that a juvenile has violated the terms and conditions of an extended jurisdiction juvenile prosecution. 2013 WL 3970205, at *4–5.
K.S.A.2014 Supp. 38–2347 and K.S.A.2014 Supp. 38–2364 provide for extended-jurisdiction juvenile prosecutions, which allow courts to impose a juvenile sentence and a concurrent adult criminal sentence, the execution of which is stayed on the condition that the offender does not violate the provisions of the juvenile sentence and does not commit a new offense.
When the district court took up the matter of revoking the stay of his juvenile sentence, E.J.D. requested a downward departure before imposition of his adult sentence. The district court denied the motion, citing a lack of legal authority for downward departure of adult sentences originally imposed under the juvenile code.
The standard for reviewing a lower court's statutory interpretation is unlimited and de novo. State v. Williams, 299 Kan. 911, 925, 329 P.3d 400 (2014) ; State v. Kingsley, 299 Kan. 896, 899, 326 P.3d 1083 (2014).
K.S.A.2014 Supp. 21–6817 provides for departure sentences in adult criminal proceedings. The statute provides that the defendant may file a motion for a departure sentence “[w]henever a person is convicted of a felony.” K.S.A.2014 Supp. 21–6817(a)(1). The corresponding section of the juvenile code specifically allows an upward departure of a juvenile sentence, to no more than double the maximum duration of the presumptive imprisonment term. K.S.A.2014 Supp. 38–2371. That same statute also specifically denies district courts the authority to impose downward durational sentences and allows courts to consider only aggravating factors, not mitigating factors.
E.J.D. did not move for a departure on his adult sentence before it was pronounced from the bench in 2009. A criminal sentence becomes effective when it is pronounced from the bench. See State v. Mason, 294 Kan. 675, 677, 279 P.3d 707 (2012). The date of sentencing is the final action with respect to the duration of the sentence, even if imposition of the sentence is suspended. State v. Royse, 252 Kan. 394, 397, 845 P.2d 44 (1993).
The fundamental rule of statutory interpretation is that the intent of the legislature is dispositive if it is possible to ascertain that intent. The language of a statute is the primary consideration in ascertaining the intent of the legislature because the best and only safe rule for determining the intent of the creators of a written law is to abide by the language that they have chosen to use. Courts therefore look to the plain and unambiguous language of a statute as the primary basis for determining legislative intent. See Merryfield v. Sullivan, 301 Kan. 397, Syl. ¶ 2, 343 P.3d 515 (2015).
K.S.A.2014 Supp. 38–2364(b) requires that, upon making a finding supporting revocation of the juvenile sentence, “the court shall revoke the juvenile sentence and order the imposition of the adult sentence previously ordered....” This explicit language supersedes any analysis of why provisions for reducing sentences in other forms of adult criminal proceedings should apply.
In the same statutory paragraph, the legislature provided for one specialized means for reducing the adult sentence: “upon agreement of the county or district attorney and the juvenile offender's attorney of record, the court may modify the adult sentence previously ordered.” K.S.A.2014 Supp. 38–2364(b). Having set out the specific means for modifying the adult sentence in the context of imposing the adult sentence in extended-jurisdiction cases, the legislature has made it clear other criminal-code modification procedures are inapplicable. Specific provisions within a statute take precedence over general statutory provisions, and the juvenile code provisions are more specific. See In re A.M.M.-H., 300 Kan. 532, 539, 331 P.3d 775 (2014).
In the present case, E.J.D. did not file a request for a departure before he was sentenced to the stayed adult sentence. He sought departure before the court revoked the stay on his adult...
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