In re Johnson

• Decision Date: 16 May 1951
• Docket Number: No. 44916.,44916.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Southern District of California
• Parties: In re JOHNSON.

97 F. Supp. 779

In re JOHNSON.

No. 44916.

United States District Court S. D. California, Central Division.

May 16, 1951.

Thomas S. Tobin, Los Angeles, Cal., for trustee.

Joseph Mayer, Beverly Hills, Cal., for bankrupt.

YANKWICH, District Judge.

Ruth Vena Johnson was adjudicated a bankrupt on April 24, 1947, upon a voluntary petition. On November 18, 1941, she filed a declaration of homestead on certain residential property, which was duly recorded as required by the law of California. California Civil Code, Sec. 1237 et seq.

On December 2, 1944, she executed a deed of gift by which she attempted to convey the property on which the homestead had been declared to her daughter and "her children". The deed was recorded on December 29, 1944.

On December 14, 1944, she executed a grant deed to the same property to her daughter, which was recorded on January 16, 1945.

In the course of the administration of the estate, the Trustee, on October 28, 1947, instituted an action in this court to avoid the conveyance. After trial, Judge William C. Mathes, found that the execution of the instruments was without fair consideration and in fraud of the creditors then existing and future creditors, in violation of Section 70, sub. e of the Bankruptcy Act of 1938, 11 U.S.C.A. § 110, sub. e, and Sections 3439.02, 3439.03, 3439.04 and 3439.07 of the Civil Code of California. Specifically, the Court's findings referred to the fact that the conveyance was to defraud Harry V. Mooney, one of the creditors in this proceeding, to whom, on December 2, 1944, she was indebted in the sum of $10,000.00 or more. (Findings VIII and XI.)

A judgment was entered on February 10, 1949, setting aside the conveyances as "fraudulent and void as to the creditors of the defendant, * * * and as to George Gardner, her trustee in bankruptcy."

The bankrupt did not set up the homestead right in her Answer and the Court, in the decree, made no adjudication as to its validity. The decree has become final.

On February 14, 1951, after a hearing upon an Order to Show Cause why the title of the Trustee to the property should not be quieted against the bankrupt and others, the Referee made an order declaring that George Gardner, as Trustee in Bankruptcy, was the owner of the property on which the homestead had been filed, free and clear of any right, title and interest asserted by the bankrupt.

This is a petition to review the Order.

I The Abandonment of Homesteads Under California Law

The only question presented is whether the homestead rights of the bankrupt still subsist. Many questions relating to state exemptions in bankruptcy are covered by the writer's opinion In re Dudley, D.C.Cal.1947, 72 F.Supp. 943, which, on appeal, was adopted by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. See, Goggin v. Dudley, 9 Cir. 1948, 166 F.2d 1023. So, to avoid repetition, only the specific norms which govern the determination of this matter not there treated will be referred to. The most important of these is that the trustee in bankruptcy acquires only such property as is not exempt under the state law. Bankruptcy Act, Sections 6, 7, sub. a(8), 11 U.S.C.A. §§ 24, 25, sub. a(8). The right to exemption is governed by state law. Turner v. Bovee, 9 Cir., 1937, 92 F.2d 791; Negin v. Salomon, 2 Cir., 1945, 151 F.2d 112, 161 A.L.R. 1005; In re Dudley, supra, and cases cited in Note 3; In re Fogel, 7 Cir., 1947, 164 F.2d 214, 215-216; 3 Remington on Bankruptcy, 4th Ed., 1941, Sec. 1278.

This rule is not affected by the provision of the bankruptcy law to the effect that exemptions shall not be allowed out of property which a bankrupt transferred or cancelled and which is recovered by the Trustee. Bankruptcy Act, Sec. 6, 11 U.S.C.A. § 24. Under this provision, property recovered by the Trustee in bankruptcy must be distributed to the creditors and cannot be impressed with an exemption. That is all that Moore v. Bay, 1931, 284 U.S. 4, 52 S.Ct. 3, 76 L.Ed. 133, decided under the old Act, teaches, and it does not mean that where, as here, a proper homestead declaration existed at the time of bankruptcy and an intervening attempt to convey the same property has been invalidated, the right to the homestead cannot be recognized in bankruptcy court. Under the law of California, a homestead may be abandoned by "a grant thereof". California Civil Code, Sec. 1243.

A "grant", under this section, implies a conveyance effective as a transfer of title. California Civil Code, Sec. 1242; Faivre v. Daley, 1892, 93 Cal. 664, 29 P. 256; Bank of Suisun v. Stark, 1895, 106 Cal. 202, 39 P. 531; White v. Rosenthal, 1934, 140 Cal.App. 184, 35 P.2d 154; First Trust & Savings Bank v. Warden, 1936, 18 Cal.App.2d 131, 63 P.2d 329; Dixon v. Russell, 1937, 9 Cal.2d 262, 70 P.2d 196. Thus, a defectively executed deed, not accompanied by possession, would not work as an abandonment. 40 C.J.S., Homesteads, § 173, p. 655.

In the present case, the bankrupt's attempts to deed the property to her daughter were declared fraudulent, both under the state law and the Bankruptcy Act, at the suit of the Trustee. The attempted conveyances having been set aside, the property is in the same status it had before the deed was executed, — i. e., it is subject to the burden of the homestead. It is as though the conveyance had been made without consideration or subject to reservations showing an intention not to part with title, —of the type which California courts have held to be ineffective to abandon the homestead. See, Palen v. Palen, 1938, 28 Cal.App.2d 602, 83 P.2d 36; Arighi v. Rule & Sons, Inc., 1940, 41 Cal.App.2d 852, 856, 107 P.2d 970; Vieth v. Klett, 1948, 88 Cal.App.2d 23, 198 P.2d 314.

II Homesteads Not Subject To Law of Fraudulent Conveyances

We must give full effect to these decisions and all their implications, unless we are satisfied that the bankrupt's fraudulent acts in dealing with the property warrant her being deprived of the benefit of the homestead. That question must be determined by state law. And the law of California for over sixty years has been that the doctrine which invalidates fraudulent conveyances against creditors has no application to the creation of a homestead. In one of the earliest cases on the subject, Fitzell v. Leaky, 1887, 72 Cal. 477, 482, 14 P. 198, 201, the principle was stated in this language: "The doctrine bearing upon conveyances made to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors has no application to the creation of a homestead." This principle, in the same language, has since been repeated, without variation, in a large number of cases. Among them are: Beaton v. Reid, 1896, 111 Cal. 484, 487, 44 P. 167; Simonson v. Burr, 1898, 121 Cal. 582, 587, 54 P. 87; Gray v. Brunold, 1903, 140 Cal. 615, 624, 74 P. 303 (where the action to set aside a fraudulent conveyance was instituted by a trustee in bankruptcy); Schmidt v. Denning, 1931, 117 Cal.App. 36, 39, 3 P.2d 322; Yager v. Yager, 1936, 7 Cal.2d 213, 217, 60 P.2d 422, 106 A.L.R. 664; Montgomery v. Bullock, 1938, 11 Cal.2d 58, 62, 77 P.2d 846; Parker v. Riddell, 1940, 41 Cal.App.2d 908, 914, 108 P.2d 88 (in which the trustee in bankruptcy attacked the homestead); Duhart v. O'Rourke, 1950, 99 Cal.App.2d 277, 221 P.2d 767.

The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Turnbeaugh v. Santos, 9 Cir., 1944, 146 F.2d 168, adopted the doctrine declared by these cases (citing the latest among them) in setting aside a district court order which had refused to give it full scope.

I do not believe we are in a position to disregard these cases,—satisfied though we may be, as the Referee was, that the bankrupt has been guilty of brazen fraud in dealing with her creditors. For, in the last analysis, if, in following legislative policy, the courts of California have chosen to give absolution to homestead declarations from acts of a fraudulent character, we cannot recall it. Nor can we give life to an attempted abandonment which is ineffective under California law. As already stated, the basis for the finding that the conveyances to the daughter were a fraud on creditors was that they were motivated by the threat of Harry V. Mooney, to institute an action to recover from the bankrupt the sum of $10,000.00 upon transactions alleged to have taken place between August 23, 1944, and September 26, 1944. Mooney had judgment for $10,970.64 on October 5, 1945, and his right to the claim in that amount was before the Referee in the proceeding under review. The findings of the Court in the action to set them aside to the effect that the conveyances were in fraud of the creditors are reinforced by one of the findings of the Referee in denying discharge, which has already been affirmed by this Court, that, notwithstanding the conveyances to the daughter, the bankrupt retained possession and an interest in the property attempted to be conveyed and received income from it, which she concealed. This puts the case in the ambit of the principle already referred to that a conveyance whereby an interest is retained is not an abandonment of the homestead. See, especially, Arighi v. Rule & Sons, Inc., supra, 41 Cal.App.2d at pages 855, 856, 107 P.2d 970; Vieth v. Klett, supra, 88 Cal.App. 2d at pages 27-28, 198 P.2d 314. And see, 13 R.C.L., Homesteads, Sec. 118, pages 659-661; 26 Am.Jur., Homesteads, Sec. 199. And a conveyance to defeat creditors is not an abandonment. In Palen v. Palen, 1938, 28 Cal.App.2d 602, 83 P.2d 36; the Court, after referring to the various exceptions to the rule that a conveyance is, ordinarily, an abandonment, states: "Neither is a homestead abandoned by a conveyance made for the purpose of avoiding creditors." 28 Cal. App.2d at page 606, 83 P.2d at page 38.

In reaching this conclusion, the Court adopts as its own the reasons given in 13 R.C.L., loc.cit., p. 660: "A homestead is not liable to seizure under execution, and therefore a conveyance of it is a question in which the creditor has no interest. It was not liable before...