IN RE L.H.

• Decision Date: 20 December 1993
• Docket Number: No. 92-FS-428,No. 92-FS-352,92-FS-352,92-FS-428
• Citation: 634 A.2d 1230
• Parties: In re L.H. and L.H. F.H. (Mother), Appellant.
• Court: D.C. Court of Appeals

634 A.2d 1230

In re L.H. and L.H. F.H. (Mother), Appellant.

Nos. 92-FS-352, 92-FS-428.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Argued November 17, 1993.

Decided December 20, 1993.

APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT, LINDA TURNER HAMILTON, J.

Robert E. Richardson, Washington, DC, for appellant.

Denise L. Wiktor, Washington, DC, for appellees.

Joel G. DeJesus, with whom Michael E. Ward and Mary M. Shaffer, Washington, DC, were on the brief, for amicus curiae, the National Ass'n of Counsel for Children.

John Payton, Corp. Counsel, Charles L. Reischel, Deputy Corp. Counsel, and Mary L. Wilson, Asst. Corp. Counsel, Washington, DC, filed a Memorandum in Lieu of Brief, for the District of Columbia.

Before ROGERS, Chief Judge, FARRELL, Associate Judge, and GALLAGHER, Senior Judge.

FARRELL, Associate Judge:

On these appeals from the termination of appellant's parental rights, the only issue necessitating a published opinion is appellant's claim that a court-appointed guardian ad litem is not statutorily authorized to file a motion to terminate parental rights (a TPR motion) following an adjudication of neglect, and that a contrary reading of the statute would violate constitutional due process.¹ We reject this as well as appellant's remaining contentions, and affirm.

I.

The two statutory provisions which, we conclude, answer the issue of statutory construction appellant poses are as follows. Both were enacted as part of the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Act of 1977 (PCANA).² D.C.Code § 16-2304 (1989) provides, in subsection (b)(3):

The Superior Court shall in every case involving a neglected child which results in a judicial proceeding, including the termination of the parent and child relationship pursuant to [D.C.Code §§ 16-2351 through -2365], appoint a guardian ad litem who is an attorney to represent the child in the proceedings. The guardian ad litem shall in general be charged with the representation of the child's best interest.

D.C.Code § 16-2354(a) in turn states who may initiate a proceeding to terminate the parent and child relationship: "A motion for the termination of the parent and child relationship may be filed by the District of Columbia government or by the child through his or her legal representative" (emphasis added).³

Basic principles of statutory construction dictate that the "legal representative" referred to includes a court-appointed guardian ad litem.

The primary rule of statutory construction is that the intent of the legislature is to be found in the language which it has used. Moreover, the words of the statute should be construed according to their ordinary sense, and with the meaning commonly attributed to them.

J. Parreco & Son v. District of Columbia Rental Hous. Comm'n, 567 A.2d 43, 46 (D.C. 1989) (citations omitted). Perhaps most significant for this case, a statutory provision is to be read, whenever possible, in harmony with other provisions to which it naturally relates. See Carey v. Crane Serv. Co., 457 A.2d 1102, 1108 (D.C. 1983) (quoting United Mine Workers of Am. v. Andrus, 189 U.S.App.D.C. 110, 114, 581 F.2d 888, 892, cert. denied, 439 U.S. 928, 99 S.Ct. 313, 58 L.Ed.2d 321 (1978)) ("[s]tatutory provisions are to be construed not in isolation, but together with other related provisions").

The natural if not the "plain" meaning of "legal representative," in context, includes an attorney appointed by the court expressly to represent and advocate for, see S.S. v. D.M., R.M. and J.S., 597 A.2d 870, 875 (D.C. 1991), the best interests of the child. Section 16-2354(a) concerns the filing of a motion with the court, a task customarily performed by an attorney. Given the authority expressly conferred on the court-appointed guardian ad litem by § 16-2304(b)(3), it makes no sense to hold, as appellant would, that the only attorney connoted by the statutory term "legal representative" is one whom the child has privately retained.

Nor is it reasonable to argue, as appellant does, that the meaning of "legal representative" must be derived from the definition of"custodian" and "legal custodian" appearing elsewhere in the statute.⁴ Applying these definitions, appellant contends that the "legal representative" must be the "person or institution who could exercise most of the powers or duties that a natural parent could exercise in making important decisions concerning the welfare of the child." In this case that institution is the District of Columbia government (specifically the Department of Human Services (DHS)), to whose legal custody the two minor children were committed in 1986.

While this understanding of the term legal representative might make sense in other contexts,⁵ we deal here with a direct statutory link between the role of a guardian ad litem — appointed to represent the child in court proceedings — and the authority to initiate TPR proceedings when a child has been adjudged neglected. Appellant offers no reason why we should ignore this link in favor of a far more speculative connection between the "legal representative" who may bring TPR proceedings and the custodian responsible for the care and safekeeping of the child. Indeed, appellant's construction would make the term "legal representative" largely redundant in the ordinary case where DHS is the child's legal custodian, since the District of Columbia is already authorized expressly to file a TPR motion.

Recourse to the legislative history likewise fails to support appellant's argument. In the course of enacting the PCANA, the Council of the District of Columbia considered several versions of proposed § 16-2354(a). Appellant points out that an earlier version expressly authorized "the guardian ad litem for the child" (as well as the Corporation Counsel of the District of Columbia) to file a TPR motion. But nothing in the legislative materials suggests that, by replacing this phrase with the term "legal representative," the Council intended to restrict (by excluding guardians ad litem) rather than expand (to include, for example, an attorney retained by the child) the class of attorneys authorized to file TPR motions. The Report of the Committee on the Judiciary and the Criminal Law accompanying the proposed bill, and attachments to the Report, confirm the understanding of drafters and commentators alike that guardians ad litem would be permitted to file TPR motions. E.g., Committee Report, at 26; Memorandum of Acting Director of DHS, at 7 (Attachment E to Committee Report); Summary of Latest Major Executive Comments on Title IV, at 3 (Attachment G to Committee Report).

Not surprisingly, therefore, Super.Ct.Neg.R. 25(a) implements § 16-2354(a) in the following manner: "A motion for termination of the parent and child relationship may be filed by (1) the District of Columbia government through its Corporation Counsel or (2) the child's guardian ad litem." Moreover, anticipating the very issue we decide here, this court recently stated that "[D.C.Code § 16-2354(a)] specifically authorizes the GAL [guardian ad litem], as legal representative for the child, to file a proceeding to terminate parental rights. . . ." In re J.J.Z., 630 A.2d 186, 191 n. 6 (D.C. 1993) (dictum). We now elevate that conclusion to a holding.

II.

Interpreting § 16-2354(a) in accordance with its natural meaning does not violate due process, as appellant, contends. Although the rights of natural parents to bring up their children are subject to the protection ofthe Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (and hence the Fifth Amendment), "these rights are not absolute, and must give way before the child's best interests." In re A.B.E., 564 A.2d 751, 755 (D.C. 1989). Permitting the guardian ad litem, appointed expressly to represent the child's best interests, to file a TPR motion is consistent with the ultimate purpose of such proceedings — determination of where the child's best interests lie. See D.C.Code §§ 16-2353(a), -2359(f). We have held, relying essentially on the plain language of D.C.Code § 16-2305, that the guardian ad litem may not bring neglect charges independently; the statute reserves that authority exclusively to the Corporation Counsel of the District of Columbia. In re J.J.Z., supra, 630 A.2d at 190-91.⁶ But due process does not require us to disregard the natural meaning of § 16-2354(a) and apply the same prohibition to TPR motions. A neglect petition represents the initial intrusion by the government into the "fundamental and constitutionally protected right of a natural parent to raise his or her child." Id. at 192. Hence, even if due process did not require the government alone to make this original "prosecutorial" decision, id., the legislature has settled the point as a matter of policy. But once a child has been adjudicated neglected (and possibly removed from the biological parents), the right of family privacy and integrity has already been subordinated to that extent to "the [District of Columbia's] . . . right and . . . duty to protect minor children through judicial determinations of their interests." In re N.H., 569 A.2d 1179, 1182 (D.C. 1990). At that point, no valid right to family integrity is breached merely by allowing the guardian ad litem, who may be uniquely familiar with the facts of the case and the parties, to initiate and pursue TPR proceedings.

Particularly is this so since the identity of the "prosecutor" does not affect the basic procedures governing the conduct of the TPR proceeding. As amicus points out, the biological mother in this case

enjoyed a broad spectrum of procedural protections. She was represented by appointed counsel throughout the neglect and TPR proceedings, a privilege not even required by due process, see Lassiter [v. Department of Social Servs.], 452 U.S. 18 [101 S.Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640] [1981]. She has raised no dispute regarding the notice she received of various matters in those proceedings or her opportunity to be heard on any of the...