In re Sarah C.

• Decision Date: 17 December 2004
• Citation: 864 A.2d 162,2004 ME 152
• Parties: In re SARAH C.
• Court: Maine Supreme Court

864 A.2d 162

2004 ME 152

In re SARAH C.

Supreme Judicial Court of Maine.

Argued: September 22, 2004.

Decided: December 17, 2004.

Stephen C. Smith (orally), Bangor, for appellant. G. Steven Rowe, Attorney General, Donald W. Macomber, Asst. Atty. Gen. (orally), Matthew Pollack, Asst. Atty. Gen., Patrick Downey, Asst. Atty. Gen., Augusta, for appellee.

Amy L. Faircloth, Pelletier & Faircloth, P.A., Bangor, Guardian ad Litem.

Dennis Hamrick, Bangor, for mother.

Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and CLIFFORD, RUDMAN, DANA,¹ ALEXANDER, CALKINS, and LEVY, JJ.

CLIFFORD, J.

[¶ 1] The father of Sarah C. appeals from a jeopardy order entered in the District Court (Bangor, Russell, J.), pursuant to 22 M.R.S.A. §§ 4002(6), 4035 (2004). The father contends that the court erred in admitting expert testimony regarding the likelihood that, if he had sexually abused one of his daughter's friends, he would sexually abuse his own daughter. Although we agree with the father that some of the expert's testimony was improperly admitted, the record reveals that the error did not affect the court's decision and was therefore harmless. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.

[¶ 2] The Department of Health and Human Services became involved with Sarah's family in 2003 following reports that the father had sexually abused one of Sarah's friends. Sarah was placed in Department custody, and later in the custody of her mother.

[¶ 3] A contested jeopardy hearing was held in January of 2004. See 22 M.R.S.A. § 4035. There was no evidence that the father had ever sexually assaulted Sarah. The Department did present evidence, however, that the father had sexually abused Sarah's friend, a young girl who spent a considerable amount of time with Sarah and the family. The Department also introduced the testimony of Dr. Jeffrey Hecker, a licensed psychologist, regarding the likelihood that the father would sexually abuse Sarah given his sexual abuse of her friend.

[¶ 4] Following the hearing, the court found by a preponderance of the evidence that the father had sexually abused Sarah's friend, but that he had not sexually abused Sarah. In concluding that Sarah was in jeopardy from the father within the meaning of 22 M.R.S.A. § 4002(6),² the court found that Sarah's friend, whom the court found the father did sexually abuse, was treated by the father as his own daughter; that Sarah's friend was the same age as Sarah's current age when the sexual abuse was committed; that the father's sexual abuse of Sarah's friend took place at times when Sarah was close by and entailed a substantial risk that Sarah would discover the sexual acts; and that the father romanticized his relationship with Sarah's friend in a manner consistent with an adult relationship. This appeal followed the court's finding of jeopardy.

[¶ 5] The father contends that the court improperly admitted the testimony of Dr. Hecker, and that his testimony contaminated the court's determination of jeopardy. Although some of Dr. Hecker's testimony was relevant to the issue that was before the court, we agree with the father that portions of the opinion testimony should have been excluded by the court. We are not persuaded, however, that the court's jeopardy determination was based on anything other than properly admitted evidence.

[¶ 6] The crux of Dr. Hecker's testimony was that the father posed a statistically identifiable risk of sexually abusing Sarah given his sexual abuse of Sarah's friend. Dr. Hecker reviewed the Department's records as to the father and Sarah's friend, but did not interview the father himself. Dr. Hecker's testimony assumed that the allegations of sexual abuse by Sarah's friend were true.

[¶ 7] Dr. Hecker's opinion testimony was based on his review of various research sources. One study showed that thirteen percent of child sexual abusers are arrested again for sexual abuse of a child within five years, twenty-five percent are arrested again within ten years, and forty to forty-five percent are arrested again at some point in their lifetimes. Other research relied on by Dr. Hecker revealed that men who commit multiple sexual offenses, men who show sexual arousal to pre-pubescent-aged children, men who are psychopathic, men who commit offenses against male victims, and men who never establish a stable relationship with an adult woman are more likely to reoffend. Dr. Hecker further testified that because the father was in a pseudo father/daughter relationship with the victim and still sexually abused her, there is a higher risk that he would abuse his own daughter, with whom he had a true father/daughter relationship.

[¶ 8] Dr. Hecker also cited two studies that determined what percentage of men who had sexually abused children outside of the home had also abused their own children. In one study of men who sexually abused children outside of their homes, twenty percent of the men had also abused a child within their home, i.e., a member of their own family. In another study, twenty-seven percent of the men sexually abused a child living in their home in addition to sexually abusing a child outside of the home. Based on this information, Dr. Hecker concluded that there was a statistical fifteen to twenty-seven percent overall risk that, in this case, the father would sexually abuse his own child.

[¶ 9] No study, however, correlated to the precise situation present in this case. Dr. Hecker could cite to no study that determined the likelihood that a male who had sexually abused a child who was not a family member would subsequently sexually abuse a child who was a family member. Dr. Hecker agreed that he had taken a "number of other studies and sort of extrapolated information here and there to come up with a professional estimate." He also acknowledged that there was no peer review of his method of analysis, and that no studies existed to test his hypothesis. The court denied the father's motion to strike Dr. Hecker's testimony.

[¶ 10] The father contends that the court erred in admitting Dr. Hecker's testimony because it lacked scientific reliability. We review the trial court's admission of expert witness testimony for clear error and abuse of discretion. State v. Fleming, 1997 ME 158, ¶ 14, 698 A.2d 503, 507. The admission of expert testimony is governed by M.R. Evid. 702, which provides:

If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

The proponent of expert testimony must satisfy two requirements: first, the testimony must be relevant pursuant to M.R. Evid. 401, and second, the testimony must assist the jury in understanding the evidence or determining the existence of a fact in issue. Fleming, 1997 ME 158, ¶ 14, 698 A.2d at 507; State v. Williams, 388 A.2d 500, 504 (Me.1978).

[¶ 11] To meet the two-part standard for the admission of expert testimony, the testimony must also meet a threshold level of reliability. Id.; State v. Irving, 2003 ME 31, ¶ 12, 818 A.2d 204, 208. Although "general scientific acceptance" is not required to reach that threshold, State v. Boutilier, 426 A.2d 876, 879 (Me.1981); Williams, 388 A.2d at 503, it is often the case that "the easiest way this burden can be met is to show the acceptance of the theory,...