J.T.H. v. Mo. Dep't of Soc. Servs. Children's Div.
| Decision Date | 01 July 2022 |
| Docket Number | 21-2433 |
| Citation | 39 F.4th 489 |
| Parties | J.T.H. ; H.D.H., Plaintiffs - Appellees v. MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES CHILDREN'S DIVISION, Defendant Spring Cook, Defendant - Appellant |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit |
Hugh Athelstan Eastwood, W. Bevis Schock, Saint Louis, MO, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.
Edward V. Crites, Kaleb D. Gregory, Michael E. Talent, Deputy Solicitor, Attorney General's Office, Saint Louis, MO, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before BENTON, SHEPHERD, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
Two parents sued a child-welfare investigator for allegedly retaliating against them for exercising their First Amendment rights. The magistrate judge, acting by consent of the parties, concluded that neither absolute nor qualified immunity applied. We reverse.
A sheriff's deputy sexually abused J.T.H.’s 15-year-old son. J.T.H., who also worked in law enforcement, threatened to sue for the abuse. Before long, Spring Cook, a child-welfare investigator, showed up at his door after someone had apparently called the child-abuse hotline and accused him (and his wife) of neglect. The parents asked for the case to be reassigned to an investigator from another county, but Cook kept it for herself.
From there, the investigation took several twists and turns. After conducting several home visits, Cook allegedly told J.T.H. that she would "get[ ]" his peace-officer's license, which led the family to "refuse[ ] further home visits." Not long after, Cook issued a preliminary written finding of neglect. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 210.152.2(1). She relied on two incidents of sexual abuse: the one involving the sheriff's deputy and another involving a martial-arts instructor. Cook additionally noted that the parents had permitted their son to go on a date in another state with a teenage boy. If the finding had become final, the parents would have been placed on Missouri's Child Abuse and Neglect Registry. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 210.109.3(1), 210.110(3).
Unsatisfied with the outcome, the parents requested a formal administrative review. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 210.152.4 (). At the first step, the circuit manager decides whether to uphold the preliminary finding. See Mo. Code Regs. Ann. tit. 13, § 35-31.025(2)(B) (2008). As it happens, Cook was the circuit manager, so she reviewed and upheld her own finding. The second step required Cook, the parents, and their attorney to appear before Missouri's Child Abuse and Neglect Review Board. Id. § 35-31.025(2)(C). Following that meeting, the Board concluded that Cook's findings of "neglect were unsubstantiated."
After clearing their name, the parents sued Cook on a First Amendment retaliation theory. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. According to them, the investigation and its aftermath were a direct response to their earlier threat to sue. Cook filed a motion to dismiss on both absolute- and qualified-immunity grounds, but the magistrate judge concluded that neither was available.
Questions about absolute and qualified immunity at the motion-to-dismiss stage are reviewed de novo. See Sandknop v. Mo. Dep't of Corr. , 932 F.3d 739, 742 (8th Cir. 2019). Our review "is limited to the facts alleged in the ... [c]omplaint, which we accept as true and view most favorably to the plaintiffs." Stanley v. Finnegan , 899 F.3d 623, 625 (8th Cir. 2018) ; see also Sandknop , 932 F.3d at 742.
Absolute immunity, the "strong[er] medicine," is available only in limited circumstances. Forrester v. White , 484 U.S. 219, 230, 108 S.Ct. 538, 98 L.Ed.2d 555 (1988) (quotation marks omitted). It covers "judicial or adjudicative" acts, id. at 229, 108 S.Ct. 538 ; legislative acts coming within the Speech and Debate Clause, see id. at 224, 108 S.Ct. 538 ; and, as relevant here, prosecutorial acts, see Imbler v. Pachtman , 424 U.S. 409, 430–31, 96 S.Ct. 984, 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976). If absolute immunity existed for a particular government function in 1871, when Congress passed 42 U.S.C. § 1983, then it still does today. See Forrester , 484 U.S. at 225–26, 108 S.Ct. 538 ; see also Imbler , 424 U.S. at 417–18, 96 S.Ct. 984. As its name suggests, absolute immunity applies absolutely and without qualification.
Qualified immunity is different. On the one hand, it covers a vast array of actions, from split-second judgment calls to carefully crafted decisions. See Goffin v. Ashcraft , 977 F.3d 687, 691 (8th Cir. 2020) ; Turning Point USA at Ark. State Univ. v. Rhodes , 973 F.3d 868, 873–74, 881 (8th Cir. 2020). In other ways, it is narrower: government actors only benefit from it if their actions did not violate a clearly established right. See McManemy v. Tierney , 970 F.3d 1034, 1038 (8th Cir. 2020). As the Supreme Court has put it, "the right's contours [must have been] sufficiently definite that any reasonable official in the defendant's shoes would have understood that he was violating it." Kisela v. Hughes , ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1153, 200 L.Ed.2d 449 (2018) (quoting Plumhoff v. Rickard , 572 U.S. 765, 778–79, 134 S.Ct. 2012, 188 L.Ed.2d 1056 (2014) ).
Differentiating between the two can be tricky. Determining which applies depends on " ‘the nature of the function performed, not the identity of the actor who performed it.’ " Schenk v. Chavis , 461 F.3d 1043, 1046 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting Kalina v. Fletcher , 522 U.S. 118, 127, 118 S.Ct. 502, 139 L.Ed.2d 471 (1997) ).
Applying the "functional approach," our starting point is the investigation itself, which involved interviewing witnesses and collecting evidence. See Forrester , 484 U.S. at 224, 108 S.Ct. 538 (). Purely investigative activities, even those conducted by a social worker, "do not qualify for absolute immunity." Schenk , 461 F.3d at 1046 ; see also Beltran v. Santa Clara Cnty. , 514 F.3d 906, 908–09 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (per curiam) (); Achterhof v. Selvaggio , 886 F.2d 826, 830 (6th Cir. 1989) ().
Nor does filing an "investigation report," the final step in Cook's investigation. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 210.152.1, 2(1). Like a probation officer who files a violation report, Cook's task was to make a preliminary "finding" on the issue in front of her. Mo. Code Regs. Ann. tit. 13, § 35-31.025(2) (2008) ; see Ray v. Pickett , 734 F.2d 370, 373–75 (8th Cir. 1984) ; Nelson v. Balazic , 802 F.2d 1077, 1079 (8th Cir. 1986). To be sure, the setting was different: a child-welfare investigation rather than a criminal one. And the standard was different: a preponderance of the evidence instead of probable cause. But the "function" was more or less the same, meaning that neither is a "prosecutorial" act subject to absolute immunity. See Ray , 734 F.2d at 373–75 (); see also Millspaugh v. Cnty. Dep't of Pub. Welfare of Wabash Cnty. , 937 F.2d 1172 (7th Cir. 1991) (); Austin v. Borel , 830 F.2d 1356, 1362 (5th Cir. 1987) ().
Qualified immunity is another story. It is available if the parents’ complaint did not state "a plausible claim for violation of a constitutional or statutory right" or the "right was [not] clearly established at the time of the alleged infraction." Hager v. Ark. Dep't of Health , 735 F.3d 1009, 1013 (8th Cir. 2013).
Here, the complaint falls short of establishing that Cook violated a clearly established right. See id. Even assuming that the facts in the complaint are true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the parents’ favor, "existing precedent" does not "place[ ] ... the constitutional question beyond debate." Kisela , 138 S. Ct. at 1152 (citation omitted). After all, we have never recognized a retaliatory-investigation claim of this kind. Nor have other courts around the country, which have either rejected the possibility outright or concluded, like we do today, that the law is still in flux.1 It is safe to say, in other words, that the law is anything but clear.
It makes no difference that, "as a general matter, the First Amendment prohibits government officials from subjecting an individual to retaliatory actions ... on the basis of ... constitutionally protected speech." Solomon v. Petray , 795 F.3d 777, 787–88 (8th Cir. 2015) (quotation marks and brackets omitted) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court has instructed us "not to define clearly established law at a high level of generality." Kisela , 138 S. Ct. at 1152 (quotation marks omitted). So even if there is a general right to be free of retaliation, the law is not clearly established enough to cover the "specific context of the case": retaliatory investigation . Brosseau v. Haugen , 543 U.S. 194, 198, 125 S.Ct. 596, 160 L.Ed.2d 583 (2004) (emphasis added). Cook is entitled to qualified immunity for both investigative acts.
By the time she reviewed her own finding as circuit manager, however, there was no longer an open investigation. To the contrary, her job at that point was to review the report and either "uphold or reverse" it. Mo. Code Regs. Ann. tit. 13, § 35-31.025(2)(B) (2008). Unsurprisingly, she stood by her own work.
We have already held that absolute immunity is available for functions like this one. Se...
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