Jackson v. Paces Ferry Dodge, Inc.

• Decision Date: 01 July 1987
• Docket Number: No. 74295,74295
• Parties: JACKSON v. PACES FERRY DODGE, INC. et al.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

Page 412

359 S.E.2d 412

183 Ga.App. 502

JACKSON v. PACES FERRY DODGE, INC. et al.

No. 74295.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

July 1, 1987.

Pat D. Dixon, Jr., Griffin, for appellant.

Philip M. Casto, Decatur, Robert U. Wright, Atlanta, for appellees.

BENHAM, Judge.

Appellant filed suit against appellee Paces Ferry Dodge, Inc., in October 1980, alleging a violation of the Georgia Fair Business Practices Act ("FBPA") (Ga. L.1975, p. 376, § 1; OCGA § 10-1-390 et seq.), fraudulent misrepresentation, and breach of contract with regard to allegedly unnecessary repairs made to appellant's automobile by Paces Ferry Dodge ("Paces Ferry"). By way of an amendment to her complaint, appellant recast her allegation of fraud, and struck in their entirety the allegations of breach of contract and FBPA violations. Appellant also added appellee Chrysler Corporation as a defendant. In her third amendment to the complaint, filed the day trial commenced, appellant sought to "restore" her claim under the FBPA. The trial court dismissed the third amendment as untimely and prejudicial, and the case proceeded to trial on the issue of fraud. At the close of appellant's evidence, the trial court, acting on motions made by appellees, directed verdicts in favor of appellees. This appeal followed the denial of appellant's motion for new trial.

1. Appellant contends the trial court erred in dismissing her third amendment to the complaint, in which amendment she alleged a violation of the FBPA. Appellant filed the amendment the morning of trial, and appellees received a copy of the filed amendment as they entered the courtroom. Upon motion of appellees, the trial court dismissed the amendment as untimely and prejudicial. No pretrial order was entered in the suit.

"A party may amend his pleading as a matter of course and without leave of court at any time before the entry of a pretrial order." OCGA § 9-11-15(a). Where the time for a pretrial conference has passed and neither the court nor a party has insisted upon the entry of a pretrial order and no such order has been issued, a party's unfettered right to amend ceases upon the commencement of the trial proper and the taking of evidence. Black v. Lowry, 159 Ga.App. 57(1), 282 S.E.2d 700 (1981). See also Slater v. Jackson, 163 Ga.App. 342(1), 294 S.E.2d 557 (1982). Inasmuch as it is undisputed that no pretrial order was issued and that appellant's amendment was filed and served prior to the commencement of trial, the amendment should have been permitted as a matter of right. Therefore, it was error to dismiss the third amendment to appellant's complaint.

2. Appellant's case proceeded to trial on one issue, fraud. At the close of appellant's evidence, appellees moved for and were granted directed verdicts. Appellant cites as error the grant of the directed verdicts and the entry of judgment thereon.

"If there is no conflict in the evidence as to any material issue and the evidence introduced, with all reasonable deductions therefrom, shall demand a particular verdict, such verdict shall be directed." OCGA § 9-11-50(a). "To recover in tort for fraud, the plaintiff must prove five essential elements: (1) That the defendant made the representations; (2) that at the time he knew they were false; (3) that he made them with the intention and purpose of deceiving the plaintiff; (4) that the plaintiff relied on the representations; (5) that the plaintiff sustained the alleged loss and damage as the proximate result of their having been made. [Cit.]" Oklejas v. Williams, 165 Ga.App. 585(2), 302 S.E.2d 110 (1983). "Although fraud may not be presumed, 'slight circumstances may be sufficient to carry conviction of its existence.' [OCGA § 23-2-57]." Horne v. Claude Ray Ford Sales, 162 Ga.App. 329(1), 290 S.E.2d 497 (1982). In the case at bar, appellant presented evidence that she authorized Paces Ferry to replace her automobile's engine head based upon Paces Ferry's representation that the head was cracked. Mechanics who later ran independent tests on the original head concluded the head need not have been replaced. The trial court granted appellees' motions for directed verdict on the ground that appellant failed to prove Paces Ferry knew its representation was false when it made the representation.

Appellant argues that the trial court erroneously based the direction of verdicts against her on the testimony of one of her witnesses. The trial court ruled that appellant had failed to prove that Paces Ferry knew of the falsity of its statement that the engine head of appellant's car was cracked when it so told appellant. The trial court reviewed the testimony of appellant's witness, the former service manager at Paces Ferry, who testified that the engine head had been sent for testing to Genuine Auto Parts, which had reported to Paces Ferry that the head was cracked. Paces Ferry, in turn, reported to appellant that the head was cracked. Appellant maintains that guilty knowledge may be inferred from expert testimony concerning the good condition of the engine head, coupled with testimony that the dirty condition of the head when retrieved by appellant from Paces Ferry precluded the possibility it had been previously tested. Appellant wishes to infer that Paces Ferry knew or should have known from the dirty condition of the head that it had not been tested, and therefore had the requisite guilty knowledge when it told appellant the head was cracked. However, the allegedly defrauded party must prove actual, not constructive, knowledge on the part of the defendant. See Lively v. Garnick, 160 Ga.App. 591(1), 287 S.E.2d 553 (1981). "[C]onstructive knowledge is not a sufficient basis upon which to predicate an action for fraud. [Cit.]" Derryberry v. Robinson, 154 Ga.App. 694(3), 269 S.E.2d 525 (1980). See also Oklejas v. Williams, supra. The trial court did not err in granting the directed verdicts on this ground.

3. Appellant contends the trial court erred by excluding evidence regarding appellant's alleged attempts to rescind the contract. Appellant testified that she, with her attorney and the original engine head, returned to Paces Ferry on May 9, 1980, over seven months after the alleged fraud occurred. The trial court sustained an objection that testimony regarding the May 9 meeting would be inadmissible because it involved a compromise of appellant's claim. See OCGA § 24-3-37. "Propositions made with a view to compromise are not proper evidence. [Cit.] If it is relevant to show some other issue in a case, however, a party may show that a demand for settlement was made, and the fact the other party refused to comply, without going into specific details of the demand. [Cits.]" U-Haul Co., etc. v. Ford, 171 Ga.App. 744(2), 320 S.E.2d 868 (1984). Appellant asserts she wished to present evidence of the May...