Johnson v. State

• Decision Date: 24 April 1975
• Docket Number: No. 2--874A191,2--874A191
• Citation: 163 Ind.App. 684,325 N.E.2d 859
• Parties: Joe L. JOHNSON, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 859

325 N.E.2d 859

163 Ind.App. 684

Joe L. JOHNSON, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.

No. 2--874A191.

Court of Appeals of Indiana, Third District.

April 24, 1975.

George T. Popcheff, Indianapolis, for defendant-appellant.

Theodore L. Sendak, Atty. Gen., Russell W. Sims, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for plaintiff-appellee.

HOFFMAN, Judge.

Defendant-appellant Joe L. Johnson has taken this appeal from his convictions of carrying a pistol without a license and possession of heroin.

An examination of the evidence most favorable to the State discloses that on the night of April 10, 1972, Officer Kenneth Goff of the Indianapolis Police Department and his partner, Officer Blackwell, had a known prostitute under surveillance. Officer Goff testified that he previously had conversations with the prostitute, one Jennifer Hilton, in which she had informed him 'that she would rob people.' Officer Goff observed the woman as she was 'attempting to wave cars down' and decided to place her under arrest for loitering. At such time, the officer observed an automobile owned by one William P. Jones come to a stop and watched as the prostitute entered the vehicle. Officer Goff subsequently detained the automobile and approached it on foot with caution. He testified that he was aware of the presence of three persons in the vehicle, but was, with the aid of a spotlight, only able to observe two. As the officer approached, his attention was drawn to appellant-Johnson, who at the time was seated on the passenger side in the front of the automobile. Officer Goff testified that he observed Johnson make 'arm movements and turning movements toward the seat' and concluded that Johnson was attempting to hide something under the seat. Officer Goff thereupon 'ordered everybody out of the car.' After three individuals exited from the automobile, the officers shined a flashlight into the interior of the vehicle and observed 'little squares of tinfoil' commonly known as 'bindles' and a sifter which had spilled out of a paper sack onto the floor on the passenger side in the area of the front seat. Officer Goff testified that upon noticing the tinfoil he stated, 'there's probably some dope right there.' He further stated that he believed the equipment which he discovered was used for '(w)rapping up narcotics', in particular, heroin, and that 'from where he (appellant) was sitting, his feet would have to had been right on top of it.' The officer then decided 'to check that car again * * * because it looked like an awful lot of movement up there, awful lot of pushing * * *.' Upon placing his hand 'down in the seat, the front seat, right where he'd been sitting, and over close to the door, * * * probably one-fourth of the distance over the seat from the door', Officer Goff could feel metal which he thought to be a gun, but was unable to 'get ahold of it.' Officer Blackwell thereafter succeeded in extricating 'a nickel plated .38 Special' from the seat. Simultaneously, 'a cigarette pack popped out too.' Officer Goff discovered that the cigarette package contained 'white powdery stuff, some kind of narcotic.' A field test later revealed a positive reaction for heroin.

Appellant contends that his motion to suppress evidence recovered from the automobile was erroneously denied for the reason that there was no probable cause for the initial stopping of the vehicle; that the warrantless search of Jones' automobile was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment; and that there was no evidence that he was in possession of any articles recovered from the vehicle.

When a defendant files a motion to suppress evidence acquired without a warrant, the burden falls upon the State at the pretrial or in-trial hearing on the motion to show that the police action which resulted in the seizure fell within one of the exceptions to the requirement that a warrant be obtained prior to the search. Chambers v. Maroney (1970), 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419; Vale v. Louisiana (1970), 399 U.S. 30, 90 S.Ct.1969, 26 L.Ed.2d 409; Chimel v. California (1969), 395 U.S. 752, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 23 L.Ed.2d 685; Ludlow v. State (1974), Ind., 314 N.E.2d 750; State v. Smithers (1971), 256 Ind. 512, 269 N.E.2d 874.

At the in-trial hearing, the evidence revealed that the officers had Jennifer Hilton under surveillance, inasmuch as she was a known prostitute with a known propensity for robbing her customers. After observing Hilton attempting to wave down cars, Officer Goff decided to arrest her for loitering. Officer Goff testified it was at that time that they observed her entering the back seat of Jones' automobile.

In light of the above, it must be concluded that Officers Goff and Blackwell had knowledge of sufficient facts and circumstances to warrant prudent men of reasonable caution to believe that Hilton had committed or was committing an offense. Smith v. State (1971), 256 Ind. 603, 271 N.E.2d 133; Williams v. State (1969), 253 Ind. 316, 253 N.E.2d 242. Since the officers had probable cause to believe that Hilton had committed or was committing an offense, the stop of Jones' vehicle was justified. See: Williams v. State (1974), Ind., 307 N.E.2d 457; Luckett v. State (1972), Ind.,284 N.E.2d 738; Bonds v. State (1973), Ind.App., 303 N.E.2d 686 (transfer denied).

Once it has been determined that the police officers were justified in stopping the vehicle, the question becomes one of whether they were justified in conducting a warrantless search of the automobile and in seizing the evidence which they discovered therein. Prior to the defendant's intrial motion to suppress, evidence had been adduced which revealed that Officer Goff had noticed that a paper sack had spilled on the floor on the passenger side of the vehicle. Officer Goff testified that he observed small tinfoil squares, commonly known as 'bindles' and also observed an instrument commonly known as a 'sifter.' The...