Jones v. City of Dothan, Ala.

• Decision Date: 17 September 1997
• Docket Number: No. 96-6829.,96-6829.
• Parties: Rubin J. JONES, Sr., Martha Ann Jones, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. The CITY OF DOTHAN, ALABAMA, Kevin Wright, Michael Etress, Danny McGriff, each individually, Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

121 F.3d 1456

Rubin J. JONES, Sr., Martha Ann Jones, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. The CITY OF DOTHAN, ALABAMA, Kevin Wright, Michael Etress, Danny McGriff, each individually, Defendants-Appellants.

No. 96-6829.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

September 17, 1997.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

F. Lenton White, City Attorney, Dothan, AL, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Thomas M. Goggans, Montgomery, AL, for Defendants-appellants.

Before ANDERSON and COX, Circuit Judges, and ALARCON^*, Senior Circuit Judge.

PER CURIAM:

Michael Estress and Kevin Wright appeal the magistrate judge's denial of their motion for summary judgment predicated on qualified immunity in this civil rights action filed by Ruben and Martha Jones.¹ We reverse.

I. BACKGROUND²

The Joneses' action arose from events that occurred on February 11, 1994. On that day, Rhonda Schofield telephoned the Dothan police department to report that a man who had previously been harassing her had just chased her from the inside of her place of employment. Estress and Wright, two Dothan police officers, quickly arrived on the scene and began questioning Schofield about the harasser. She described him as a black male standing about 5'8" to 5'10" tall, weighing about 150 to 160 pounds, and wearing a hat, khaki pants, and a two-toned blue jacket that perhaps had some green material on it. She stated that she last saw him walking towards the nearby Dairy Queen.

Estress and Wright proceeded to the Dairy Queen. As they stepped inside its doors, they observed Mr. Jones exiting from the restroom. Like the harasser they were pursuing, Mr. Jones was a black male standing about 5'8" tall, weighing about 160 pounds, and wearing a hat, khaki pants, and a blue jacket that had some light blue or teal material around the shoulders. Believing that Mr. Jones might be the harasser, Estress and Wright approached him, told him that he had to step outside, and escorted him by his arm and belt towards the exit. On the way, Mr. Jones questioned Estress and Wright about why they were doing this to him. They did not respond. Mr. Jones then told them that he had not done anything wrong, had previously suffered a stroke, and was currently taking medication. Nonetheless, once outside, Estress and Wright "slammed" Mr. Jones against a wall, kicked his legs apart, required him to put his arms above his head, and pulled his wallet from his pants pocket. In the process, his pants were torn and the wallet contents were scattered on the ground.

During this encounter, Mrs. Jones explained to Estress and Wright that she was Mr. Jones's wife. She pleaded with them not to be rough with Mr. Jones since he had previously suffered a stroke and questioned them about why they were targeting her husband. Wright responded that he was an officer, that he was doing his job, and that he needed to ask her husband some questions. Estress responded that he did not care about who she was or about the stroke, that she should "shut-up," and that she should go back inside the Dairy Queen or face arrest. When Mrs. Jones retorted that Estress could not tell her to "shut-up" and that she had a right to know what was happening, Estress told her again to "shut-up" and put his finger in her face, making contact with her skin and causing her a stinging sensation.³ At that point, Mrs. Jones got into her car, shouted to Estress and Wright that she was going to get her attorney, and left the scene.

Soon after, Schofield arrived at the Dairy Queen to see if Mr. Jones was the harasser. After looking at Mr. Jones, Schofield told Estress and Wright that he was not the harasser, but that he closely resembled him. At this, Estress and Wright released Mr. Jones, some thirteen minutes after their arrival at the Dairy Queen.

Almost one year later, the Joneses filed a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against Estress and Wright, claiming that Estress and Wright (1) violated Mr. Jones's Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures; and (2) violated Mrs. Jones's Fourteenth Amendment right to substantive due process.⁴ Following discovery, Estress and Wright moved for summary judgment predicated on qualified immunity. They now appeal the magistrate judge's denial of that motion. They raise one issue: whether the magistrate judge erred in concluding that they violated clearly established law.⁵

II. DISCUSSION

Qualified immunity shields government officials performing discretionary functions from civil litigation and liability where "their conduct does not violate clearly established ... constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." See Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2738, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982).⁶ Under this standard, a plaintiff must show that when the defendant acted, the law was "developed in such a concrete and factually defined context to make it obvious to all reasonable government actors, in the defendant's place, that `what he is doing' violates federal law." Lassiter v. Alabama A & M Univ., 28 F.3d 1146, 1149 (11th Cir.1994) (en banc) (citing Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 3039, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987)). Below, we further expound on this standard and address Estress's and Wright's entitlement to qualified immunity on each of the Joneses' claims.

A. Mr. Jones's Fourth Amendment Claims

The magistrate judge interpreted the Joneses' complaint to assert two distinct Fourth Amendment unreasonable search and seizure claims: (1) unreasonable patdown and (2) excessive force.⁷ With regard to the unreasonable patdown claim, the magistrate judge concluded that Estress and Wright were not entitled to qualified immunity since the law was clearly established on February 11, 1994, that a patdown to discover weapons must be based on a reasonable suspicion that the suspect is armed and dangerous. For this proposition, the magistrate judge cited Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), Ybarra v. Illinois, 444 U.S. 85, 100 S.Ct. 338, 62 L.Ed.2d 238 (1979), and two appellate cases from outside of our circuit.

The magistrate judge's qualified immunity analysis falls short of the fact-intensive inquiry that the qualified immunity standard demands. See Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818, 102 S.Ct. at 2738; see also Post v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 7 F.3d 1552, 1557 (11th Cir.1993) (stating that the qualified immunity standard demands that the defendant cross "a bright line" that is "not found in abstractions — to act reasonably, to act with probable cause, and so on — but in studying how these abstractions have applied in concrete circumstances"), modified, 14 F.3d 583 (11th Cir. 1994). Rather than basing its analysis solely on a general proposition, the magistrate judge should have applied the facts of this case and asked whether, as of February 11, 1994, it was clearly established that it was unconstitutional for officers to patdown a man suspected of repeatedly harassing a woman and chasing her from her place of employment where the officers neither handcuffed nor placed the man in a patrol car, and where the officers expected to remain in the man's presence pending identification by the victim. See Rodgers v. Horsley, 39 F.3d 308, 311 (11th Cir.1994).

Neither Terry nor Ybarra involve sufficiently similar facts such that it would be readily apparent to Estress and Wright that their conduct was unconstitutional. Terry involved an immediate patdown of a suspicious-acting man who was not being detained pending identification by a victim. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 5-7, 88 S.Ct. at 1871-72. The Court made it clear that its holding revolved around that particular situation and that Fourth Amendment search and seizure limitations would "have to be developed in the concrete factual circumstances of individual cases." See id. at 29, 88 S.Ct. at 1884. Ybarra involved a patdown of a patron who happened to be in a bar for which police had a search warrant. See Ybarra, 444 U.S. at 87-89, 100 S.Ct. at 340-41.

As we have stated often, "`public officials are not obligated to be creative or imaginative in drawing analogies from previously decided cases.'" See Jenkins v. Talladega City Bd. of Educ., 115 F.3d 821, 827 (11th Cir.1997) (en banc) (quoting Adams v. St. Lucie County Sheriff's Dept., 962 F.2d 1563, 1575 (11th Cir.1992) (Edmundson, J., dissenting), approved en banc, 998 F.2d 923 (11th Cir.1993)). Mr. Jones has not directed us to, and we have not found, any law that would have made it readily apparent to reasonable officers in Estress's and Wright's position that their conduct was unconstitutional. Accordingly, they are entitled to qualified immunity on Mr. Jones's unreasonable patdown claim.

With regard to the excessive force claim, the magistrate judge concluded that Estress and Wright were not entitled to qualified immunity since "on February 11, 1994, the law was clearly established that use of excessive force by a law enforcement officer is a constitutional violation." (R.45 at 27.) Again, this analysis falls short of the fact-intensive inquiry that the qualified immunity standard demands.

In Post, we held that an officer is entitled to qualified immunity from an excessive force claim "unless application of the excessive force standard would inevitably lead every reasonable official in the officer's position to conclude the force was unlawful." See, Post, 7 F.3d at 1559. The excessive force standard is based on reasonableness. It looks to the need for force, the amount of force used, and the injury inflicted. See Leslie v. Ingram, 786 F.2d 1533, 1536 (11th Cir.1986).

The facts viewed in the light most favorable to Mr. Jones show that Estress and Wright "slammed" Mr. Jones against the wall, kicked his legs apart, required him to raise his arms above his head, and pulled his wallet from his pants. They also show that Mr. Jones experienced pain from having to lift his arms since he had previously suffered a stroke, and that he...