Jones v. State

• Decision Date: 24 January 2002
• Docket Number: No. CR 01-965.,CR 01-965.
• Citation: 65 S.W.3d 402,347 Ark. 455
• Parties: Devin Lavalle JONES v. STATE of Arkansas.
• Court: Arkansas Supreme Court

65 S.W.3d 402

347 Ark. 455

Devin Lavalle JONES v. STATE of Arkansas.

No. CR 01-965.

Supreme Court of Arkansas.

January 24, 2002.

Jeff Rosenzweig, Little Rock, for appellant.

Mark Pryor, Att'y Gen., by Lauren Elizabeth Heil, Ass't Att'y Gen., Little Rock, for appellee.

JIM HANNAH, Justice.

Appellant Devin Lavalle Jones appeals his conviction for second-degree murder from Pulaski County Circuit Court. Jones asserts he was denied his right to a speedy trial under the Arkansas and United States Constitutions in that the State failed to show good cause when it nol-prossed his case. This court holds that the loss of the State's only witness and consequent lack of evidence constitutes good cause to nol-pros the case.

Jones also asserts he has been subjected to an ex post facto law in that two of the felonies considered under the sentencing enhancement statute were committed after the murder. We hold there is no ex post facto issue. There was no change in the law that made Jones criminally liable for an act that was lawful when committed. Nor was there any change in the law that made the crime he was charged with greater than it was when committed. Felonies meeting the statutory requirements have long been used to enhance punishment even though the felonies used for enhancement were committed after the crime for which punishment is being determined.

Facts

On December 27, 1996, Timothy Bey was shot and killed. On December 30, 1996, Jones was arrested. Jones was charged with the murder by felony information on March 26, 1997. The case was continued from March 27, 1997, to June 11, 1997, on Jones's motion. Then, on June 11, 1997, the trial court granted the State's motion to nol-pros the case due to a lack of evidence to move forward because the State's only witness had changed his story. It was not until the Spring of 2000 that a new witness came to the attention of the police as a byproduct of a federal investigation of other crimes. Charges were refiled on May 18, 2000. On January 5, 2001, the case was continued at the defense's request to allow him to pursue a writ of prohibition on the issue of speedy trial. The petition was denied by this court on January 25, 2001. Then, again at the defense's motion, the case was continued from January 25, 2001, to June 12, 2001. Trial commenced June 12, 2001. Jones was tried over four years after his arrest. He now alleges violation of his right to a speedy trial.

Jones sought and obtained three continuances for a total of 234 days. The State also caused passage of time by nol-prossing the case. The State, however, alleges that the time that passed from the date the case was nol-prossed until it was refiled also tolled the running of the time on speedy trial. This period was two years and 342 days. If the total time of continuances and the period resulting from the nolle prosequi are added together, and then subtracted from the total, Jones was tried 317 days after his arrest. Trial commenced June 12, 2001, and Jones was convicted of second-degree murder.

Speedy Trial

We note at the outset that the State argues we need not address the speedy trial argument because Jones failed to preserve the issue. There is no merit to this claim. In response to the motion by the State to nol-pros the case, Jones moved that the dismissal on the motion to nol-pros the case be granted with prejudice. A dismissal or, in other words, a nolle prosequi, is not a bar to a future prosecution for the same offense. Halton v. State, 224 Ark. 28, 271 S.W.2d 616 (1954). Jones thus argued the dismissal on the nol-pros motion was without good cause and should be dismissed with prejudice. The issue is properly before this court.

Jones argues his case was not brought to trial within one year of his arrest and that thereby his right to a speedy trial was violated. This is a murder case where there is no statute of limitations. The basic rule regarding speedy trial is that any defendant in circuit court who is not brought to trial within twelve months from the date of his arrest is entitled to have the charges dismissed with an absolute bar to prosecution. Burmingham v. State, 346 Ark. 78, 57 S.W.3d 118 (2001); Ferguson v. State, 343 Ark. 159, 33 S.W.3d 115 (2000); Ark. R.Crim. P. 28.1. Further, the burden is on the State to bring the case to trial within the required time. State v. Washington, 273 Ark. 82, 617 S.W.2d 3 (1981). The defendant is under no obligation to demand a trial in order to preserve his right to a speedy trial. Burmingham, supra; Jones v. State, 329 Ark. 603, 951 S.W.2d 308 (1997).

In this case, Jones was tried more than four years after his initial arrest. Because more than one year passed from the date of arrest, the State bears the burden of showing that sufficient time may be excluded as "legally justified" such that the time that may be counted against speedy trial between arrest and trial does not exceed twelve months. Webb v. Ford, 340 Ark. 281, 9 S.W.3d 504 (2000); State v. Lewis, 268 Ark. 359, 596 S.W.2d 697 (1980). The State has long been required to show good cause where a criminal defendant has not been brought to trial within the required time. Randall v. State, 249 Ark. 258, 260, 458 S.W.2d 743 (1970); Ware v. State, 159 Ark. 540, 555, 252 S.W. 934 (1923).

The minimum requirements of the federal constitution on this issue were set out in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). Under Wingo, there are four factors to be considered in determining whether an individual received a speedy trial. They are "length of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant's assertion of his right and prejudice to the defendant." Grooms v. State, 260 Ark. 879, 880, 545 S.W.2d 610 (1977). But before Wingo applies, since the length of delay is only a triggering mechanism, it must be such as to be presumptively prejudicial. Matthews v. State, 268 Ark. 484, 598 S.W.2d 58 (1980). Over four years would meet that requirement.

Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 28 governs limitations on prosecutions, excluded periods, and consequences. Rule 28.1 sets the time within which a trial must be brought at one year from arrest. The rules also provide for exclusion of time from arrest, such as continuances at the defendant's request. Excludable periods are set out under Rule 28.3. Rule 28.3 also states a requirement that any period to be excluded from the one-year period "shall" be set forth in a written order or docket entry. Burmingham, supra; Ark. R.Crim. P. 28.3. This requirement of a written order or docket entry is satisfied when there is such an order or docket entry as well as when the record itself demonstrates the delays were attributable to the accused and where the reasons were memorialized in the proceedings at the time of the occurrence. Jones v. State, 323 Ark. 655, 916 S.W.2d 736 (1996); Lynch v. State, 315 Ark. 47, 863 S.W.2d 834 (1993); Hudson v. State, 303 Ark. 637, 799 S.W.2d 529 (1990).

The record shows that Jones sought and obtained three continuances. The time under these continuances is thus excluded under Rule 28.3(c). Jones asserts, however, that the period from June 11, 1997, until May 18, 2000, resulting from the nolle prosequi is not excludable because there was no good cause therefor. The State argues this period is excluded under Rule 28.3(f), which provides:

The time between a dismissal or nolle prosequi upon motion of the prosecuting attorney for good cause shown, and the time the charge is later filed for the same offense or an offense required to be joined with that offense.

The Bill of Exceptions dated June 11, 1997, shows the State moved to nol-pros the case, stating that the only evidence they had was a witness who had changed his story and would no longer testify Jones shot Bey. Jones moved for a dismissal with prejudice. The court, however, noted the State had made a record on the nol-pros and that speedy trial was tolled. Jones's motion to dismiss with prejudice was denied.

Jones now asserts that a lack of evidence does not constitute good cause. In Caulkins v. Crabtree, 319 Ark. 686, 894 S.W.2d 138 (1995), this court held that good cause on behalf of the State is not established merely by a defendant's inability to show a lack of good cause. The burden to show good cause is on the State. Also, more is required than mere proof that nolle prosequi is not being used as a device to avoid a speedy-trial dismissal. Caulkins, supra.

In the case at bar, the State argues a lack of evidence is good cause. In Carter v. State, 280 Ark. 34, 655 S.W.2d 379 (1983), a situation arose that is helpful in analyzing the present case. In Carter, a wife was being prosecuted for the murder of her husband. Just before the wife was to be tried, it was learned that the daughter would testify that she and not her mother had killed her father. Based upon this development, the State moved to nolle prosequi the case against the mother. This motion was granted. However, a subsequent proceeding in juvenile court found there was insufficient evidence to adjudicate the daughter a juvenile delinquent. The State then refiled the murder charge against the mother. The mother moved for dismissal based upon failure to comply with Rule 28. This court found that the State had good cause because of the daughter's intent to confess and because the State in seeking the nolle prosequi was not simply attempting to evade the speedy-trial requirement. Thus, this analysis satisfies the requirements later noted in Caulkins, supra, in that there is good cause for the nolle prosequi, and there is more than mere proof that nolle prosequi was not being used as a device to avoid a speedy-trial dismissal. In Carter, as in the case at bar, the State moved to nol-pros the case due to a lack of evidence, and the nolle prosequi was not being used as a device to avoid a speedy-trial dismissal. In Wingo, supra, the U.S. Supreme Court noted that a missing witness is a valid reason...